Faʻafefea ona aʻafia ai lou Maluchondria

Doctor of Chiropractic, Dr. Alexander Jimenez e talanoaina mitochondria ma le soifua maloloina o se tagata.

Mitochondria: atonu e te le iloa pe o a, ae o latou taua to your health. �Rhonda Patrick, PhD is a biomedical scientist who has studied the interaction between mitochondrial metabolism, aberrant metabolism, and kanesa.

She�s also done research on aging at the Salk Institute for Biological Sciences in La Jolla, California.

�I�ve had a variety of experiences doing research on aging, cancer, and metabolism,� na ia faamatala mai. �Now, currently, I�m in Oakland, California, where I�m doing my post-doctoral research, working with Dr. Bruce Ames�

O le mea autu e taulai i ai le suʻesuʻega o le taua o meaʻai i le puipuia o faʻamaʻi e pei o le kanesa, faʻamaʻi neurodegenerative, ma faʻamaʻi pipisi e pei o le oona ma le maʻisuka 2.

I�ve been doing a lot of research currently on nutrition, specifically what roles micronutrients play in biological processes; how inadequacies and certain micronutrients can lead to insidious types of damage that can accumulate over decades, [and how they] lead to things like cancer and Alzheimer�s disease.�

O se vaega o lana galuega e aofia ai le faʻamaoniaina o tagata faʻamatalaga vave o faʻamaʻi. Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, o le faʻaleagaina o DNA o se tagata faʻamatalaga vave mo le kanesa. Ona taumafai lea o ia e fuafua po o fea mea e mafai ona fesoasoani i ai micronutrients e toe faaleleia ai le faaleagaina o DNA.

She�s also investigated mitochondrial function and metabolism, which is one of my own most recent passions. Dr. Lee Know�s book, �Life � The Epic Story of Our Mitochondria�, is a really good primer if you want to learn more about this topic after listening to this interview.

Your mitochondria have enormous potential to influence your health, specifically cancer, and I�m starting to believe that optimizing mitochondrial metabolism may in fact be at the core of effective cancer treatment.

Le Taua o le Faʻateleina o le Metabolism Mitochondrial

Mitochondria are tiny organelles, originally thought to be derived from bacteria. Red blood cells and skin cells have very little to none, while germ cells have 100,000, but most cells have one to 2,000 of them. They�re the primary source of energy for your body.

Ina ia mafai lelei e au totoga ona galue lelei, latou te manaʻomia le malosi, ma o lena malosiaga e gaosia e le mitochondria.

Since mitochondrial function is at the very heart of everything that occurs in your body, optimizing mitochondrial function � and preventing mitochondrial dysfunction by making sure you get all the right nutrients and precursors your mitochondria need � is extremely important for health and disease prevention.

Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, o se tasi o uiga lautele o kela o le kanesa o loʻo i ai i latou le faʻaleagaina o le mitochondrial ma faʻaitiitia ai numera o le mitochondria galue.

�The mitochondria can still function in cancer cells. But one of the things that occur [in cancer cells] is that they immediately become dependent on glucose and they�re not using their mitochondria even though they have mitochondria there. They make this metabolic switch,��Patrick says.

O Dr. Otto Warburg o se fomaʻi ma se Ph.D. i le kemisi ma sa vavalalata ma Albert Einstein. O le tele o tagata atamamai e iloa Warburg e avea ma tagata sili ona lelei o le 20th senituri.

He received a Nobel Prize in 1931 for his discovery that cancer cells use glucose as a source of energy production. This is called the �Warburg Effect� and, sadly, to this day it is essentially ignored by nearly every expert.

E sili atu loʻu talitonuga o le faʻaaogaina o se meaʻai faʻamaʻi, lea e faʻaleleia atili ai le soifua maloloina o le mitochondrial, e mafai ona fesoasoani i le tele o gasegase, aemaise lava pe a faʻaogaina faatasi ma glucose fusi faʻamalosi e pei o le 3-bromopyruvate.

Faʻafefea ona maua e Mitochondria le Malosiaga

Ina ia maua le malosi, o lau mitochondria e manaʻomia ai le okesene mai le ea e te manava ma gaʻo ma glucose mai meaʻai e te 'ai.

These two processes � breathing and eating � are coupled together in a process called oxidative phosphorylation. That�s what the mitochondria use to generate energy in the form of ATP.

O lau mitochondria o loʻo i ai se faasologa o filifili feʻaveaʻi eletise lea latou te pasia ai le eletoni mai le faʻaititia o ituaiga o meaʻai e te 'ai e faʻatasi ai ma le okesene mai le ea e te manavaina ma mulimuli ane fausia ai vai.

O lenei faagasologa e aveesea ai protons i luga o le membrane mitochondrial, lea e toe faʻaaoga ai le ATP (adenosine triphosphate) mai le ADP (adenosine diphosphate). ATP o le pusa o le malosi i lou tino atoa.

Ae ui i lea, o lena faagasologa e gaosia ai foi e ala i mea e tutupu e pei ole ituaiga o meaola o le okesene malolosi (ROS), o faaleagaina i ou sela, ma lau mitochondrial DNA, lea e tuʻuina atu i lau DNA nuʻukilia.

So there�s a trade-off. In producing energy, your body also tausaga mai itu leaga o le ROS o loʻo gaosia. O le a vave vave ona faalagolago lou tino i le lelei o lau galuega, ma le tele o le leaga e mafai ona faaitiitia e ala i le fuaina o taumafa.

Mitochondria�s Role In Cancer

a kanesa sela e maua ai, o meaola o le okesene faʻamalosia e fatuina e avea o se faʻataunuuga o le ATP e masani lava ona tuʻuina atu se faailo e faʻatulagaina ai se faagasologa o le pulelaʻau puʻupuʻu, lea e lauiloa foi o apoptosis.

Talu ai e te fatuina sela o le kanesa i aso uma, o se mea lelei lenei. O le tapeina o sela ua faaleagaina, o lou tino e mafai ona faʻaaogaina ma suia i ni siama maloloina.

Ae peitaʻi, o vailaʻau faʻamaʻi, e tetee atu i lenei pule o le ola, ma maua ai se puipuiga e puipuia mai ai e pei ona faʻamatala manino mai e Dr. Warburg ma mulimuli ane Thomas Seyfried, o ia lea na faia suʻesuʻega tele e uiga i le kanesa e pei o se faʻamaʻi pipisi

E pei ona faamatalaina e Patrick:

�One of the mechanisms by which chemotherapeutic drugs work is they create reactive oxygen species. They create damage, and that�s enough to push that cancer cell to die.

I think the reason for that is because, a cancer cell � which is not using its mitochondria, meaning it�s not producing those reactive oxygen species any longer � all of a sudden you force it to use its mitochondria and you get a burst of reactive oxygen species because that�s what mitochondria do, and boom, death, because that cancer cell is already primed for that death. It�s ready to die.�

Le aoga o le aloese mai le taumafa i le po

I�ve been a fan of intermittent fasting for quite some time for a variety of reasons, certainly longevity and health issues, but also because it appears to provide powerful cancer prevention and treatment benefit. And the mechanism for that is related to the effect fasting has on your mitochondria.

E pei ona taʻua, o le itu taua tele o le fesiitaiga o eletoni e aofia ai le mitochondria o nisi lemu mai le filifili eletise eletise e tali atu ai ma le okesene e fausia ai le superoxide radical saoloto.

O le Superoxide, o le oloa o se tasi o le faaitiitia o le eletise o le okesene, o le mea muamua lea o le tele o ituaiga o meaola o le okesene ma le puluvaga i gaosiga o le afi oxidative. O nei faʻamalositino saoloto e osofaʻia le lipids i totonu o lau sila, faʻamaʻi masini, enzymes, ma DNA e mafai ona vave fasiotia lau mitochondria.

se e leai se saʻolotoga ma e manaʻomia e lou tino ona latou faʻafoeina le telefoni feaveaʻi, ae o le a tupu aʻe faafitauli pe a iai sili atu saolotoga gaosia. O le mea e faanoanoa ai, o le tulaga lea mo le toʻatele o le faitau aofaʻi ma pe aisea e maua ai le tele o faʻamaʻi, aemaise lava gasegase. E lua fofo talafeagai i lenei faafitauli:

1. Faʻateleina au antioxidants
2. Faaitiitia le gaosiga o fualaau o le mitochondrial

I believe one of the best strategies for reducing mitochondrial free radical production is to limit the amount of fuel you feed your body. This is a noncontroversial position as calorie restriction has consistently shown many therapeutic benefits. This is one of the reasons why intermittent fasting works, as it limits the window that you are eating and automatically reduces your calories.

E sili ona aoga pe afai e te alofia le ai i le tele o itula ae e te lei moe e pei o le mea sili lea ona e tuʻuina atu. Se pepa toe iloilo¹ that provides much of the experimental work for the above explanation was published in 2011, titled �Mitochondrial DNA Faʻataunuʻu ma le Taunuuga Manu: Malamalama mai Suʻesuʻega Faatusatusa.

It may be too complex for many laypeople, but the take-home message is that since your body uses the least amount of calories when sleeping, you�ll want to avoid eating close to bedtime because adding excess fuel at this time will generate excessive free radicals that will damage your tissues, accelerate aging, and contribute to chronic disease.

Isi Auala O le Anapogi E Folafolaina ai le Soifua Maloloina Mitochondrial Function

Fai mai Patrick, o se vaega o le faiga e galue ai le anapogi e tatau ona faʻalagolago lou tino i lipids ma teuina gaʻo mo le malosi, o lona uiga o au siaki ua faʻamalosia e faʻaaogaina a latou mitochondria. O lau mitochondria e na o le pau ia o togafitiga e mafai ai e lou tino ona maua le malosi mai gaʻo. O le mea lea, o le anapogi e fesoasoani e faʻagaoioia lau mitochondria.

She also believes this plays a huge part in the mechanism by which intermittent fasting and a ketogenic diet may kill cancer cells, and why certain drugs that activate mitochondria can kill cancer cells. Again, it�s because it creates a burst of reactive oxygen species, the damage from which tips the scale and causes the cancer cells to die.

�Of course, there are a lot of very other interesting mechanisms that occur when you�re fasting,� o lana tala lea. �Your body also clears away damaged cells through a process called autophagy, which basically means when a cell that�s damaged, it can die. But if it doesn�t die, sometimes it becomes what�s called senescent and this happens a lot with aging. What that means is that the cell is not dead but it�s not really alive either. It�s not doing its function.

It�s just kind of sitting around in your body secreting pro-inflammatory molecules, things that are damaging other nearby cells thereby accelerating the aging process because inflammation drives aging in so many different ways. Autophagy clears away those cells that are just sitting there creating damage and not doing much else, which is nice because that�s also a very important biological mechanism for staying healthy.�

Fafagaina o lau Mitochondria

I tulaga tau taumafa, ua faamamafaina ai e Patrick le taua o meaʻai nei; ogaoga taua e manaʻomia mo au 'enzymes mitochondrial ia faʻatino lelei:

• CoQ10 poʻo le ubiquinol (o le pepa faʻaititia)
• L-Carnitine, o ia gaogao gaʻo aoga i le mitochondria
• D-ribose, o se mea e faʻaaoga mo le mole mole ATP
• Magnesium
• Omega-3 fesoasoani gaʻo
• Vailaʻau B uma, e aofia ai riboflavin, thiamine, ma B6
• Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA)

E pei ona tusia e Patrick:

�I prefer to get as many micronutrients as I can from whole foods for a variety of reasons. One, they are complexed with fiber help with absorption. The nutrients are also in the right ratios. You�re not getting too much. The balance is right. And there are other components that are probably yet to be identified in there.

You have to be very vigilant in making sure you�re eating a very broad spectrum [of foods] and getting the right micronutrients. I think that taking a B complex supplement is good for that reason.

It�s the reason I take one, and also for the reason that as we age, we also do not get B vitamins into ourselves as readily, largely due to our cell membranes getting stiffer. This changes the way B vitamins are transported into the cell. B vitamins are water soluble so they�re not stored in fat. There�s not really an upper toxicity associated with them. If anything, you�re going to pee a little bit more out. But I really think they�re beneficial.�

O le faamalositino e fesoasoani e tausia ai lau tamaititi mitochondria Young

Faamalositino also promotes mitochondrial health, as it forces your mitochondria to work harder. As mentioned earlier, one of the side effects of mitochondria working harder is that they�re making reactive oxygen species, which act as signaling molecules. One of the functions they signal is to make more mitochondria. So, when you exercise, your body will respond by creating more mitochondria to keep up with the heightened energy requirement.

Aging is inevitable. But your biological age can be quite different from your chronological age, and your mitochondria have a lot to do with your biological aging. Patrick cites a recent study showing how people can age biologically at tele different rates. The researchers measured over a dozen different biomarkers, such as telomere length, DNA damage, cholesterol LDL, glucose metabolism, and insulin sensitivity, at three points in people�s lives: ages 22, 32 and 38.

�What was found was that, if you look at someone who was 38, they biologically could look 10 years younger based on their biological markers, or 10 years older. Even though they were the same age, they aged biologically at very different rates.

In fact, if you took a photograph of these individuals and showed it to another bystander and ask them to guess their chronological age, what was interesting, and this is part of the publication, is that people would guess their biological age rather than their chronological age.� �

Ma e tusa lava pe o le a lou tausaga moni, o le a le matua o lau foliga e fetaui ma ou tagata ola olaola, lea e tele lava ina aʻafia e le soifua maloloina o lau mitochondria. O le mea lea, a o le matua e le maalofia, o loʻo e tele le pule i le auala oe matua, lea e matua faʻamalosia ai. Ma o se tasi o mea autu o le tausia lea o lou mitochondria i le lelei o le galue.

As noted by Patrick, �youthfulness� is not so much about your chronological age, but rather how old you feel, and how well your body works:

�I want to learn how to optimize my own cognitive performance and my athletic performance. I want to also increase the youthful part of my life. I want to be 90. I want to be out there, surfing in San Diego just like I was when I was 20. I would like to not degenerate as rapidly as some people do. I like to stave off that degeneration and extend the youthful part of my life as long as I possibly can so I can enjoy life.�

sili Faamatalaga

To learn more about Patrick�s work, please visit her website, FoundMyFitness.com. E ia te ia foi podcast�where she interviews health professionals and scientists on a variety of topics related to health. On her website, you can find videos in which she summarizes key information in clear and easy to understand layman�s terms. You can also sign up for her newsletter, in which she publishes longer, heavily referenced articles.

Kiliki iinei mo le lipoti saoloto, �Nutrigenomics, Epigenetics, and Stress Tolerance: A New Heuristic for Lifestyle Strategy,� which covers some of the topics covered in this interview today, including: the role of DNA damage in aging cells and cancer cells, how blood cells from people show they age at different rates, how intermittent fasting increases autophagy (which clears away damaged cells) and increases genes that produce more healthy mitochondria, and more! You may also want to review her report, �Faʻafefea ona faʻamaonia lau Meaʻai e Faʻavae I Lau Kenera.

puna:

Dr. Mercola