Lumbar Disc Nameenclature: Version 2.0

O le a le Disc Disclaimers?

O le uaea e fai i ponaivi 24, e taʻua o le vertebrae, lea e faaputuputu i luga o le isi. O nei ponaivi o ponaivi e iu lava ina fesoʻotaʻi, fatuina o se taifau e puipui ai le uaea. I le va o vertebra o loʻo iai ni mea faʻapipiʻi vavave faʻamalosi e faʻaaogaina e pei o ni mea e teteʻe ai le vaʻa. Peitai, i le aluga o taimi, o nei fesuisuiaʻi, mea e pei o le kiona e pei o le sipili e mafai ona amata ona faʻamalosi, pe a feaveaʻi le nucleus o le intervertebral disc faasaga i lona mama i fafo, ma mafua ai ona maualalo le tiga. I lalo ifo, o le a tatou faʻaalia ituaiga eseese o vavalalata ma faʻatalanoa a latou mafuaʻaga, faʻamaoniga ma togafitiga.

lē faʻatino

Talaaga Tusitusiga

Le pepa ― Nomenclature ma le faʻavasegaga o lumbar disc pathology, fautuaga a le tuʻufaʻatasia o galuega a le North American Spine Society, le American Society of Spine Radiology ma le American Society of Neuroradiology, na lolomiina i le 2001 i Spine ( Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins). Na tusia e David Fardon, MD, ma Pierre Milette, MD, ma lagolagoina aloaia e le American Society of Spine Radiology (ASSR), American Society of Neuroradiology (ASNR), ma North American Spine Society (NASS). O lona mafuaʻaga o le faʻalauiloa atili o le manino ma le tumau o le faʻaaogaina o tuusao upu, ma sa tautua lelei i lenei faʻamoemoe mo le sili atu i le sefulu tausaga. Talu mai le 2001, ua lava le evolusione i lo tatou malamalamaʻaga i le lumbar disc e faʻailoa ai le manaʻoga mo le toe teuteuina ma le faʻafouina o le uluaʻi pepa. O loʻo faʻailoa mai iinei le pepa toe teuteuga, ma e faʻailoa mai ai le maliega a le au soʻotaga a le ASSR, ASNR, ma le NASS. Lenei tusitusiga atagia fesuiaʻiga ogatasi ma le taimi nei manatu i radiologic ma falemaʻi tausiga.

faʻamoemoe

Le tuʻuina atu o se punaoa e faʻamalosia ai se malamalamaaga manino o faʻamatalaga tautala faʻamatalaga i le lumbar i le va o fomaʻi, tagata tumaʻi, ma tagata suʻesuʻe. O i latou uma e manaʻomia e manaʻomia tulaga faʻataʻatitia mo tulaga masani ma tulaga faʻapitoa o le lumbar disks e mafai ona faʻaaoga saʻo ma tumau ma o le mea sili lea e sili atu ona lelei e fesoasoani ai i tagata gasegase ma le faaletonu o le disorder.

Suesuega Suesue

O lenei tusiga e aofia ai se toe iloiloga o tusitusiga.

Metotia

Na faia se suʻesuʻega a PubMed mo tusitusiga e fesoʻotaʻi ma le lipboard disc. O le aufaigaluega galulue toatasi ma le aufaatasi na toe iloiloina ia tusitusiga ma toe teuteu le pepa 2001. Na tuʻuina atu le tusi toe teuteuina mo le toe iloiloga i Komiti o le ASSR, ASNR, ma le NASS. I le maeʻa ai o isi toe iloiloga e faʻavae i luga o finagalo faaalia mai le komiti faafoe, na faʻatagaina le tusiaina mo le lolomiina e le komiti puleaina o sosaiete e tolu, e fai ma sui o fautuaga autasi a sosaiete.

i'uga

O le tusiga e maua ai se talanoaga o vaega o suʻesuʻega ua fautuaina e faatatau i le lipboard disc: masani; fesuiaiga o le tino / atinae; faʻaleagaina; tiga; faʻamaʻi / afaina; neoplasia; ma / poʻo le morphologic fesuiaiga o le le mautonu. O loʻo tuʻuina mai i le tusiga se faʻamatalaga o aiaiga e faatatau i le lipboard disc, se faʻamatalaga auiliili o nei faaupuga, ma le latou faʻaaogaina fautuaina. O faʻamatalaga e faʻamatalaina e pei o le mea e manaʻo ai, e leʻi faʻaaogaina, e le o vaʻaia, ma faʻataloilo. O ata faʻataʻitaʻiga o loʻo faʻaalia ai nisi o fuaitau. O faʻasalalauga faʻasalalau na tuʻuina atu ai le faavae mo fautuaga malosi a le komiti o loʻo aofia ai.

faaiuga

We have revised and updated a document that, since 2001, has provided a widely acceptable nomenclature that helps maintain consistency and accuracy in the description of the anatomic and physiologic properties of the normal and abnormal lumbar disc and that serves as a system for classification and reporting built upon that nomenclature.

uputatala

Faʻasalaga faʻapitoa, Taʻalo faʻanoanoa, Puipuiga o le puʻe (puʻeina o le fatu), Faʻaleagaina o le Disc, Faʻasalaga o le Disc, Lafoaʻi o le Disc, Disc nomenclature, Puipuiga o le Disc, Vaega maualuga, Lumbar intervertebral disc

faʻatomuaga

O le nomenclature ma le faʻavasegaina o lumbar disc pathology consensus, lolomiina i le 2001, e le galulue faʻatasi taumafaiga a le North American Spine Society (NASS), le American Society of Spine Radiology (ASSR) ma le American Society of Neuroradiology (ASNR), na faʻatautaia radiologists , fomaʻi, ma tagata fiafia lautele mo le sili atu i le sefulu tausaga [1]. O lenei pepa ua pasia le suʻega o taimi. Tali atu i se taumafaiga mai le ASSR, o se galuega malosiʻaga o fomaʻi fomaʻi mai le ASSR, ASNR, ma le NASS na toe iloiloina ma toe fesuiaʻi le pepa. O lenei toe teuteuina pepa faʻasaoina le faʻatulagaina ma le tele o le gagana o le uluaʻi, ma suiga e ogatasi ma le taimi nei manatu i le leitio ma falemaʻi tausiga. O fesuiaʻiga e feagai muamua ma mea nei: faʻafouina ma le faʻalauteleina o Tusitusiga, Tusi Upu, ma Tusitusiga e faʻafetaui ai manaʻoga o aso nei; toe iloiloga o Faʻatusa e maua ai le sili manino; faʻamamafaina o le faaupuga `` vavaʻa masani '' i le tulaga o le 'loimata masani'; faʻaleleia atili o faʻauiga o le `` fetaui '' ma le `` faʻatasi '' disc herniations; toe iloiloga o le eseesega i le va disc herniation ma asymmetrically bulging disc; aveʻesea o Laulau e fiafia i le sili manino mai le toe teuteuina Tusitusiga ma Ata; ma le tapeina o le vaega o Lipoti ma Faʻailogaina ona o le tele o suiga i na faiga, lea e sili ona talanoaina e isi lolomiga. E tele isi tamaʻi teuteuga ua faia. O lenei toe iloiloga o le a faʻafouina ai se mafai ona ausia tulaga masani nomenclature, taliaina ma faʻaaogaina lautele e ala i ata ma fomaʻi fomaʻi.

Faatomuaga ma Talafaasolopito

Physicians need standard terms for normal and pathologic conditions of lumbar discs [2, 3, 4, 5]. Terms that can be interpreted accurately, consistently, and with reasonable precision are particularly important for communicating impressions gained from imaging for clinical diagnostic and therapeutic decision-making. Although clear understanding of the disc terminology between radiologists and clinicians is the focus of this work, such understanding can be critical, also to patients, families, employers, insurers, jurists, social planners, and researchers.

I le 1995, o se 'au galulue faʻatasi mai le NASS na faʻasalalau le le atoatoa i fuaitau masani e faʻamatalaina ai aiaiga o le lipboard disks. Na taʻua ai nisi o faʻamaumauga o le faafitauli [6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11] ma faia ni auiliiliga auiliili mo le faʻamaonia. O lana galuega sa lomia i se kopi o le NASS ma le American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons [9]. O le galuega e le i faamaoniaina i se isi itu e faalapotopotoga tetele ma e leʻi aloaiaina e pei o le pule a le faʻalapotopotoga o le leitio. E toatele ua mavae [3, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19] ma o nisi e mulimuli ane ai [20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25] taumafaiga e faatuatusi i le mataupu, ae na sili atu ona tapulaa ma e leai se tasi na taliaina se taliaina lautele.

E ui lava o le NASS 1995 taumafaiga na sili ona lautele i lena taimi, na tumau pea le lava i le faʻamalamalamaina o nisi finauga mataupu, le lava i lona togafitia o nisi o mataupu, ma e leʻi aumaia fautuaga mo tulaga faʻatulagaina o faʻavasegaina ma lipoti. Ina ia faʻamalieina manaʻoga o loʻo totoe, ma i le faʻamoemoe o le mauaina o le faʻamaoniga talafeagai e oʻo ai i tulaga lautele lautele, o soʻotaga vaega (Co-Chairs David Fardon, MD, ma Pierre Milette, MD) na fausia e le NASS, ASNR, ma le ASSR, ma mafua ai o le muamua lomiga o le pepa aloaia `` Nomenclature ma le faʻavasegaga o lumbar disc pathology [1]. Talu mai lena taimi, taimi ma le poto masani fautuaina le manaʻoga mo toe teuteuina ma le toe faʻafouina o le uluaʻi pepa. O loʻo faʻailoa atu ii le tusi teuteu.

O mataupu faavae lautele e taʻitaʻia ai le uluai pepa o loʻo tumau pea e le suia i lenei toe iloiloga. O faʻamatalaga e faʻavae i luga o le tino ma togafitiga, faʻapitoa e pei ona faʻaalia i ata suʻesuʻe. I le iloaina o nisi o taʻiala, i lalo o nisi tulaga, atonu e le mafaamatalaina i le tagata matau, o faʻamatalaga o tuutuuga e le o faalagolago i luga pe faʻaalia le taua o suʻega faʻapitoa. O faʻamatalaga o tagata suʻesuʻe e le o faʻamoemoe e faʻaalia ni mea faʻapitoa faʻalauiloa faʻapitoa e pei o le vevesi, latou te le faʻamaonia sootaga ma uiga, ma latou te le faʻamalamalamaina pe faʻaalia le manaʻomia mo togafitiga faapitoa.

O le aufaigaluega, o loʻo i ai nei ma muamua, na galulue mai se faʻataʻitaʻiga e mafai ona faʻalauteleina mai se mea autu o le tuʻuina atu o le malamalama i lipoti o suʻesuʻega ata. O le taunuʻuga e maua ai se faʻavasegaga faigofie o uiga faʻamaonia, lea e mafai ona faʻalauteleina, e aunoa ma le faʻafeteʻenaʻi, i totonu o le subclassifications sili atu. Pe a lipotia le maʻi, o tikeri o le le mautonu e tatau ona faailogaina nai lo le fetuutuunai o uiga o tuutuuga.

O faʻamatalaga uma e faʻaaogaina i le faʻavasegaina ma le subclassifications o loʻo faʻamatalaina ma o na faʻamatalaga ua tausisia i le taimi atoa. Mo se faamoemoega aoga, o nisi o Igilisi o loʻo i ai nei o loʻo tuʻuina atu uiga eseese mai i latou o loʻo maua i nisi o lomifefiloi faʻaonapōnei. O le aufaigaluega e tuʻuina atu se lisi ma le faʻavasegaina o fuaitau fautuaina, ae, ia iloa le natura o faiga masani, talanoaina ma aofia i totonu o le Glossary, faʻaaogaina ma le faʻaaogaina ma le faʻaaogaina faaupuga e le faʻalagolago ma faʻamatalaga e le masani ai.

E ui lava o mataupu faavae ma le tele o faʻamatalaga o lenei pepa e mafai ona faigofie ona faʻapipiʻiina i le vavalaʻau ma le taʻavale, o le taulaiga ile luga o le lumbar spin. E ui lava o faʻamalamalamaga o fuaitau e fesoʻotaʻi ma elemene o loʻo i luga, o le tele o le vaʻaau, ma o le tulaga o ni neva namu e manaʻomia, o lenei galuega e faʻamapulaʻaina i le talanoaga o le disas. E ui e leʻo taimi uma e mafai ai ona talanoaina atoatoa le faʻamatalaga o faaupuga faʻaanatura ma faʻamalologa e aunoa ma se faʻamatalaga i faʻamaoniga ma le tala, o faʻamatalaga ia i latou lava e fai ma suʻega o le tutoatasi mai tala, uiga, poʻo togafitiga. Ona o le taulai atu i le tino ma le fomaʻi, o lenei galuega e le faʻamatalaina ai nisi o faʻamaʻi o le falemaʻi atonu e fesootaʻi atu i togafitiga o le lipbar [26].

I le taialaina e na mataupu faavae, ua tatou toe faafou ma faafou se pepa, talu ai o le 2001, ua ia saunia se nomenclature lautele e mafai ona aoga mo ituaiga uma o mea e matauina, lea e taua ai le auala, mataupu, amio saʻo, faalapotopotoga, ma sootaga vaalele o le lipbar disc; ma o loʻo faʻaaogaina se faiga o le faʻavasegaina ma lipoti na fausia i luga o lena nomenclature.

Diagnostic Category & Subcategory Fautuaga

O nei fautuaga o loʻo tuʻuina atu ai faʻavasegaga o suʻesuʻega ma vaega laiti na faʻamoemoe mo le faʻavasegaina ma le lipotia o suʻesuʻega faʻataʻitaʻi. O faʻamatalaga o loʻo faʻaogaina i nei laasaga fautuaina ma vaega laiti e tumau pea ona o gatasi ma faʻamatalaga auiliili ua tuʻuina atu i le Talanoaga ma faʻamatalaga lelei o loʻo tuʻuina atu i le Glossary.

O faʻavasega vaega e faʻavae i pathology. Taitasi lumbar tisa mafai ona faʻavasegaina i tuutuuga o le tasi, ma o nisi taimi sili atu ma le tasi, o le mulimuli ane faʻavasega vasega: masani; fananau mai / fesuiaiga fesuiaiga; faʻaleagaina; manua; faʻamaʻi / fula; neoplasia; ma / poʻo le morphologic eseʻese o le le mautinoa taua. Taʻitasi diagnostic vaega mafai ona subcategorized i eseese tikeri o le faʻapitoa e tusa ma le faʻamatalaga avanoa ma le faʻamoemoe e tautuaina. O faʻamatalaga o loʻo avanoa mo le faʻavasegaina e ono taʻitaʻia ai le tusitala e faʻamatalaina le uiga o le faʻamatalaga `` ono mafai, '' e faʻamaonia, pe tonu.

Manatua o nisi o faʻamatalaga ma faʻamatalaga o loʻo talanoaina i lalo e le fautuaina e pei o faʻamatalaga talafeagai, ae ua aofia ai e faafaigofie ai le faʻamatalaina o le gagana faʻalauiloa ma, i nisi tulaga, le talafeagai. O faaupuga e mafai ona faauigaina e pei ona manaʻo ai, e leʻi faʻaaogaina, pe leai foi. O tulaga e le mafaatusalia e ala i se maliega a le faʻalapotopotoga o galuega faʻavae e le tatau ona faʻaaoga i le auala ua faʻamatalaina.

māsani ai

faamatalaina masani discs e morphologically masani, e aunoa ma le iloiloga o le mataupu togafitiga ma e le aofia ai degenerative, atinaʻe, po adaptive suiga e mafai, i nisi tulaga, ma (eg, le soifua matua masani, scoliosis, spondylolisthesis), ona manatu clinically masani (mati. 1).

Vaaiga Faʻaleagaina / Atinaʻeina

O le fesuiaiga o le tino / atinaʻe o loʻo aofia ai faʻasologa o mea e le masani ai pe na tupu suiga i lo latou faʻaogaina o se fetuunaiga o le tupuga faʻafuasei o le tui, e pei o le scoliosis poʻo le spondylolisthesis.

Toe faʻaopoopo

Le suiga o le disgenerative i le CD o loʻo aofia i totonu o se lautele lautele o loʻo aofia ai ia atumotu o le faʻaiʻuga o le annular fissure, degeneration, ma le vao.

Annular fissures o ni vavaeʻesega i le va o le annular fibers poʻo le vavaeʻeseina o annular fibers mai a latou faʻamau i le ponaivi ponaivi. O faʻailoga e masani ona faʻavasegaina e a latou faʻatonuga. O le concentric fissure o le tuueseeseina poʻo le faʻamamaina o annular fibers tutusa ma le peripheral contour o le disc (Fig.2). O le radial fissure o se tuʻusaʻo, faʻasolosolo, poʻo se faʻatulagaina faʻatulagaina o vavaeʻese o (pe totogi i totonu) annular alava e sosolo mai le nucleus peripherally i po o le ala i le annulus. O le trissverse fissure o le itu i lalo e masani ona faʻatulagaina, ae o le upu e faʻaaogaina i nisi taimi i se vaapiapi e faʻatatau i se vaʻaia faʻatapulaʻaina faʻatapulaʻaina i le peripheral annulus e mafai ona aofia ai le tuʻu eseʻesega o filo annular mai le ponaivi apophyseal. Ole lautele lautele o femisaiga vaʻaiga, ma le faʻalauteleina o le toe vaega o tupe faʻaalu, i taimi e aofia ai avulsion o se annular fasi, na taʻua i nisi taimi annular gap, o se vaitaimi e matua fou ma e le taliaina e avea ma tulaga masani [27]. O le upu `` fissures '' o loʻo faʻamatalaina ai fusi o alaleo ma e le o faʻapea o le faʻamaʻi o se faʻaiuga o manuʻa.

Faʻaaogaina o le faaupuga `` loimata '' e mafai ona malamalama sese ona o le faʻatusa i isi loimata e i ai se faʻaupuga o manuʻa, lea e le talafeagai i lenei tulaga. O le faaupuga faasalaga `` o le saʻo upu. Faʻaaogaina o le upu `` loimata '' e tatau ona faʻavaivaia ma, a oʻo ina aliali mai, e tatau ona amanaʻia e masani lava ona uiga ina ia tutusa ma le '' fissure ae leʻo atagia ai le iʻuga o le manuʻa. O le uluaʻi lomiga o lenei pepa o loʻo taua ai le fiafia i le faaupuga 'faʻamavaega' 'ae manatu i faʻaupuga e lua e toeititi lava a tutusa. Peitaʻi, i lenei toe iloiloga, matou te manatu i le upu ― tear e leʻo faʻaogaina.

Le tulaga soloitua mafai ona aofia ai so o se po o le uma nei: desiccation, cystic, faaitiitia o le va tisiketi, bulging faasalalauina o le annulus tala atu o le avanoa tisiketi, fissuring (ie, fissures annular), le tulaga soloitua mucinous o le annulus, kasa intradiscal [28], osteophytes o le apophyses vertebral, faaletonu, suiga inflammatory, ma sclerosis o papatusi iuga [15, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34].

Herniation e lautele faʻamatalaina o se faʻapitonuʻu pe faʻatulagaina suiga o mea tisiketi i talaatu o tuaoi o le intervertebral disk avanoa. O mea tisiketi atonu o le totonugalemu, cartilage, ponaivi apophyseal ponaivi, annular aano, poʻo soʻo se tuʻufaʻatasia ai. O le avanoa avanoa o loʻo faʻamatalaina craniad ma caudad e le pito o le tino ivi papatusi ma, peripherally, e le pito i fafo o le vertebral mama apofyses, faʻapitoa o osteophytes. O le faaupuga `` faʻatulagaina '' poʻo le `` faʻatulagaina '' e faʻasino i le faʻaopoopoga o mea tisiketi itiiti ifo i le 25% (90--) o le itu o le disk pei ona vaʻaia i le vaʻalele.

O le i ai o tisiki tisiki o loʻo faʻalauteleina i talaatu o pito o mama mama, i totonu o le liʻo o le disk, e taʻua o le "fulafula" ma e le o se ituaiga o herniation (Ata 3, Top Taumatau). Asymmetric bulging o tisiki pepa solo sili atu i le 25% o le tisiketi lapata (Ata 3, Lalo), masani ona vaʻaia o se fetuʻunaʻiga i tafatafa o le le atoatoa, e le gata i lea, e le o se ituaiga o herniation. I le iloiloina o foliga o le disk mo se herniation i se vaʻalele, o le foliga o le lua vavalalata vavalalata e tatau ona mafaufauina [15].

E mafai ona faʻavasega faʻamaʻi vaʻaia e pei o le faʻasalaga poʻo le faʻasalaga, e faʻavae i luga o le foliga o mea ua faʻanoanoa.

E i ai le faʻasalaga pe afai o le mamao tele i le va o pito o le mea faʻapipiʻi o loʻo tuʻuina atu i fafo atu o le avanoa vaʻaiti e itiiti ifo nai lo le mamao i le va o pito o le faʻavae o mea faʻapipiʻi o loʻo faʻalautele atu i fafo o le avanoa vaʻa. O le faavae o loʻo faʻamatalaina o le lautele o le meafaitino meafaitino i le pito i fafo o le avanoa avanoa o le tupuaga, pe a fai o mea faʻapipiʻi ua faʻasalalau i tala atu o le avanoa o le faʻasologa o loʻo faʻaauau pea ma le mea faʻapipiʻi i totonu o le avanoa faʻapitoa (Fig 4). E i ai le faʻasalaga pe afai, i se vaalele se tasi, e tasi le mamao i le va o le pito i tua o le vaʻa vaʻaia e sili atu nai lo le va i le va o le pito i lalo o le mea faʻapitoa i tala atu o le avanoa avanoa pe a leai foi se mea e tupu i le va le mea e sili atu i fafo atu o le avanoa avanoa ma i totonu o le avanoa avanoa (Fig 5). O le fomaʻi mulimuli o le faʻasalaga e sili atu ona faʻamaonia pe faʻavasegaina e pei o le faʻailogaina pe a fai e leiloa le faʻasolosolo lelei o le faʻasolosolo faʻatasi ma le faʻamatalaga matua (Fig 6). O le femalagaiga o femalagaiga e mafai ona faʻaaogaina e faʻaalia ai le aveeseina o le meafaitino faʻasesega mai le nofoaga o le faʻasalaga. O faʻamaʻi vaʻaia i le craniocaudad (faʻasolosolo) agai i le va o le va i le pito i luga o le tino o le vertebral o loʻo taʻua o le faʻaogaina o le tino (Schmorl nodes) (Fig 7).

O faʻasalaga faʻasalalau e mafai ona faʻapitoaina faʻapitoa e pei ona i ai, pe afai o le vaega o loʻo faʻasalaga e ufiufiina i luga o filasi i fafo ma / poʻo le liga o le longitudinal posterior, poʻo le le faʻatagaina pe a le oi ai se ufiufi faapena. Pe afai o le tapulaa o le protrusion tisiketi ua lamolemole i tomography fuafuaina axial (CT) po o imaging resonance maneta (MRI), lea o le displaced tisiketi mea ua foliga mai o loo i ai e le posterior uaua i soʻoga longitudinal ma atonu o ni nai papaʻu alava annular posterior [21, 35, 36, 37]. Afai o le pito pito i tua o le faʻasolosolo o le pusa e le talafeagai, e foliga mai e le faʻaaogaina le vao. O le tisipenisione o le tisipenisione o loʻo faʻaaogaina e masani lava ona faʻamatalaina e ala i nofoaga, volumes, ma mea e aofia ai, e pei ona faʻamatalaina mulimuli ane i lenei pepa.

O se isi fuafuaga e iloa ai le vavaeesega mai le faʻasalaga o loʻo talanoaina i le vaega Talanoaga.

Tigā

O le vaega o manuʻa e aofia ai le faʻalavelaveina o le disk e fesoʻotaʻi ma tino ma / pe faʻataʻitaʻi ata o le vevesi mataʻutia ma / pe faʻaletonu ma e le aofia ai le toe manuʻa, saofaga o le itiiti ifo nai lo le vevesi ogaoga i le degenerative gaioiga, vaevaega o le mama apophysis faʻatasi ma disc herniation, poʻo disc abnormalities i le fesoʻotaʻi ma degenerative subluxations. Pe o le leai pe leai se "leai se mea nai lo le vevesi" manuʻa na saofaga i poʻo ua faʻapipiʻiina i luga o se faʻaletonu suiga o se faʻaiuga faʻamasinoga e le mafai ona faia faʻavae i luga o naʻo ata; o le mea lea, mai le tulaga o le faʻamatalaina o ata, o ia discs, i le leai o se taua ata faʻamaonia o fesoʻotaʻiga manuʻa manua, tatau ona faʻavasegaina o le faʻaleagaina nai lo le afaina.

Inflammation / Infection

O le vaega o le mumū / faʻamaʻi pipisi e aofia ai faʻamaʻi pipisi, faʻamaʻi pipisi e pei o le inflammatory, ma le tali atu o le inflammatory i le spondyloarthropathy. E aofia ai foʻi le inflammatory spondylitis o le pito i lalo o le subchondral ma le gaʻo o le ponaivi na faʻaalia e Modic Type I MRI [29, 30, 38] ma e masani ona fesoʻotai ma fesuiaiga o pathologic suiga i le disas. Ina ia faʻamaonia le faʻavaeina o le fuafuaga, o le vaega e aofia ai tulaga le lelei; o le mea lea, pe a mafai ona tuʻuina atu faʻamatalaga, o le suʻesuʻega e tatau ona vaevaeina mo faʻamatalaga talafeagai.

Neoplasia

Pepa Peraimeri po o metastatic suiga i mea faʻapipiʻi siama e mafua mai i le vaivai ile vaevaega o le neoplasia, faʻatasi ai ma le vaevaega mo tulaga talafeagai.

Miscellaneous Paradiscal Masses o le le mautonu le amataga

Although most intraspinal cysts are of meningeal or synovial origin, a minority arise from the disc and create a paradiscal mass that does not contain nuclear material. Epidural bleeding and/or edema, unrelated to trauma or other known origin may create a paradiscal mass or may increase the size of herniated disc material. Such cysts and hematomas may be seen acutely and unaccompanied by other pathology or may be a component of chronic disc pathology.

Morphologic'Variant of Le Malamalama Taua

O faʻamatalaga e taʻu mai ai faʻamatalaga le talafeagai o le disaseti, ae o faʻamaumauga e le lava atoatoa e lagolagoina ai se faʻavasegaina o faʻamaʻiga e mafai ona faʻavasegaina o se fesuiaiga o mea e le masani ai.

Talanoaga o le Nomenclature ile Auiliiliga

O lenei pepa o loʻo tuʻuina atu ai se nomenclature e faʻamaonia le faʻamatalaga o taotoga, faʻasalaga, poʻo suʻesuʻega faʻapitoa faʻapea foʻi ma suʻesuʻega faʻataʻitaʻi; ma, faatasi ai ma le faʻamaumauga e naʻo le faʻaogaina o le faʻaupuga, na te faafaigofieina ai fesootaiga mo tagata gasegase, aiga, tagata e ana galuega, tagata fai inisiua, ma pulega faaletulafono ma agafesootai ma faatagaina le faʻaopoopoina o faʻamaumauga sili atu ona lelei mo suʻesuʻega.

Tuʻu masani

Faʻavasegaina o se tisiketi pei o le `` masani '' o lona uiga o le tisiketi ua maeʻa ma masani ona atiaʻe ma aunoa ma se suiga o faʻamaʻi, afaina, poʻo le matua. Naʻo le faʻaupuga, ae leʻo le aʻoga faʻapitoa, e iloiloina. Togafitiga normal (asymptomat) tagata ono i ai le tele o le leaga afaina ata, e aofia ai faʻasolosolo poʻo tuputupu aʻe fesuiaʻiga o discs, laiti bulging o le annuli, tausaga-fesoʻotaʻiga desiccation, muamua ma tuaoi vavalalata vertebral tino osteophytes, taʻutaʻua o disc mea i tua atu o le tasi pito ipu o se faʻaiuga o le faʻamalieina o le tasi vertebral tino faʻatatau i le vavalalata vavalalata tino (aemaise lava taatele i L5 S1), ma isi [39]. Ae o lenei tusitusiga, o le morphology-based nomenclature ma le faʻavasegaga, e ui i lea, o ia discs e le taʻua o le "masani," ae o loʻo faʻamatalaina e o latou uiga uiga, tutoʻatasi mai o latou falemaʻi faʻaulufale mai seʻi vagana ua faʻamaotiina.

Faʻatasi ma Faʻatauga o le Tausaga Faʻavae

E i ai le maliega lautele e uiga i ituaiga eseese o le leiloa o le faʻamaoni o le faʻaleaogaina, e pei o radial, transverse, ma concentric fissures. Yu et al. [40] ua faʻaalia o pisipeti faʻalautele, e aofia ai ituaiga radial, concentric, ma transverse ituaiga, o loʻo iai i le toeititi lava o faʻamaʻapaʻu discs [41]. Afai o le disc ua faʻamago i luga o le MRI scan, e foliga mai e i ai le itiiti ifo i le tasi pe sili atu tamaʻi faʻamavaega i le soloia. E lautele lautele, feʻaveaʻi faʻataʻamilomilo felavasaʻiga felavasaʻi, ma le faʻalauteleina o le toe vaega annular laina, i taimi aofia ai avulsion o se annular fragment, o nisi taimi e taʻua o 'sela masani,' 'e ui lava o le faaupuga e matua fou ma e le taliaina o se tulaga masani [27 ].

O faaupuga "fulufulu masani masani" ma le "loimata masani" na faʻaaoga i mea na maua i luga o le T2-weighted MRI scans of localized high intensities zones (HIZ) i totonu o le annulus [30, 42, 43, 44]. Ole malosiʻaga oona e fai ma sui o vai ma / pe faʻapipiʻi le tino ma ono faʻalauteleina ile gadolinium. Fissures e tupu i uma degenerative discs ae le o vaʻaia uma pei o HIZs. Discography faʻaalia nisi vaʻa e le o vaʻaia e le MRI, ae le o vaʻavaʻa uma e vaʻaia e le faʻamaumauga. O faʻamatalaga o mea na maua mai i ata e sili ona saʻo peʻa faʻatapulaʻaina i le maitauina o se HIZ poʻo se ata e leʻi faʻaalia, ma le malamalama malamalama o loʻo iai se maliega le maeʻa ma HIZ, ata faʻamaumauga, ma vaʻaia vaʻaia.

E oʻo mai i le 1995 NASS pepa, ua fautuaina e tusitala e tatau ona taʻu ia faʻamaʻi fissures ae le o le "Loimata," ona o le popolega e faapea o le upu "mataʻutia" e mafai ona faʻaseseina pei o lona uiga o se faʻatiga mataʻutia upu. [9, 30, 45, 46]. Ona o le ono malamalama sese i le faaupuga `` loimata masani, '' ma mafuaʻaga manatu o le mauaina o se annular fissure taʻu mai ai sa i ai se manuʻa, o le faaupuga `` masani loimata '' e tatau ona manatu le tutusa ma ia o le vaitaimi fiafia i ai. Faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻapitoa o se annular fissure e le o lona uiga o se manuʻa poʻo ni faʻailoga fesoʻotaʻi, ae naʻo le faʻauigaina o le suiga o le morphologic i le annulus.

Vaevaega Lelei

Talu ai o loʻo i ai se le mautonu i le eseʻesega o suiga o pathologic degenerative gaioiga i le disk mai ia i latou o masani matutua [17, 31, 47, 48, 49], o le faʻavasegaga'degenerated disc aofia uma ia suiga, o lea e le faamalosia le tagata matau e 'eseʻese le pathologic mai le masani ai iʻuga o le matua.

O manatu o le mea e aofia ai le masani o le soifua matua gaioiga o le tuasivi na matua aafia lava e postmortem anatomic suesuega e aofia ai le faatapulaaina numera o ituaiga, seleseleina mai cadavers mai eseese tausaga kulupu, ma le leiloa talaaga o taimi ua tuanaʻi fomai ma le manatu o le leai o lumbar auga [23, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57]. Faatasi ai ma na metotia, pathologic suiga e faigofie ona fenumiai ma taunuuga o masani masani le matua. Resnick ma Niwayama [31] faʻamamafaina le eseʻese foliga o lua degenerative gaioiga e aofia ai le intervertebral disk na muamua faʻamatalaina e Schmorl ma Junghanns [58]; spondylosis deformans, e afaina ai le annulus fibrosus ma isi apophyses (Fig.8, Left) ma le Intervertebral osteochondrosis, e aafia tele ai i le nucleus pulposus ma le vertebral body end plate ma ono aofia ai le tele o tuʻiga o le annulus fibrosus e mafai ona mulimuli ai ma le atrophy (Ata 8, Taumatau). E ui lava na taʻua e Resnick ma Niwayama o le mafuaʻaga o mea e lua e le o iloa, o isi suʻesuʻega fai mai o le spondylosis deformans o le iʻuga o le masani o le matua, ae o le intervertebral osteochondrosis, o nisi taimi e taʻua foi o le "disc deteriorated," e maua mai i se manino pathologic, e ui e le. mautinoa faʻailoga, faʻagasologa [29, 31, 42, 59, 60].

O tikeri o le faʻaleagaina o le faʻataʻitaʻiga ua faʻatulagaina e faavae i luga o le numera o fuainumera o midsagittal o le lumbar spin (Thompson scheme) [19]; postsciscography CT faʻamatalaga o le saʻo o totonu o le disas (Faʻatulagaina o Dallas) (Fig. 9) [42]; MRI mataʻituina o le tino o le manulele e suia i tafatafa o le disas (Modification classification) [30], (Fig. 10); ma suiga MRI-faʻaalia i totonu o le kulupu (Pfirrmann classification) [61]. O suiga eseese o nei polokalame ua fuafuaina e fetaui ma manaoga faapitoa o le falemaʻi ma suʻesuʻega [17, 35, 62, 63].

Disc Disc

O manaoga o masani masani e tatau ai se taimi e suʻesuʻeina ai faʻamatalaina le mea e sili atu nai lo le vaeluaga o le avanoa vaʻavave. O le masini vaʻaia, o le pulupuscle pulupus (HNP), o le ruptured disks, o le pulupulu o le pulou (faʻaaogaina faʻasalalau), faʻasolosolo faʻapipiʻi (faʻaaogaina faʻasalalau), ma le pulou puʻupuʻu (faʻaaogaina faʻasalalau) ua faʻaaogaina uma i tusitusiga i auala eseese e faʻaalia ai le le atoatoa o le faʻamatalaina o suiga mea faʻapitoa i tala atu o le lautele. O le leai o se malamalamaaga manino i le uiga o nei faaupuga ma le leai o se faʻamatalaga o tapulaʻa e tatau ona tuʻuina i luga o se faʻamatalaga masani lautele ua mafua ai le tele o le le mautonu i le faigamalo ma i le taumafai e faia ni faʻatusatusaga faʻatusatusa i suʻesuʻega suʻesuʻega.

Mo le lautele faʻamaoniga o le faʻamavaeina o mea tisiketi, o le taimi e tasi e masani ona faʻaaogaina ma fausia ai sina le mautonu o le "herniated disc". "Herniated nucleus pulposus" e le saʻo ona o isi mea e ese mai i le ogatotonu (cartilage, fragment apophyseal ponaivi , ma fragment annulus) o ni vaega masani o sifi 'aveʻesea mea [64]. Rupture lafo se foliga o saeia vavae ese ma o lea e tele atu aafiaga o le faʻamaʻi mataʻutia upu nai lo le `` tupuʻaga, '' o loʻo faʻailoa mai ai se ata o le faʻaseʻe ae le faʻalavelave.

E ui na faʻaaoga e nisi tusitala i le le faʻapitoa manatu e faʻailoa ai soʻo se suiga, o le upu e masani ona faʻaaoga faʻapitoa lona uiga e sili ona faʻapipiʻi ai. Pollapse, lea na faʻaaogaina o se faaupuga lautele, pei o se uiga tutusa ma le faʻauigaina o le protrusion, poʻo le faʻaalia o le maualalo o femalagaaiga o extruded disc mea, e le masani ona faʻaaogaina i se auala e maua ai se uiga maoti ma e sili ona amanaʻia o le faʻatusatusa, i le faʻaaloalo i le sili atu faʻapitoa faaupuga `` faʻasolosolo '' ma le `` faʻasesega. ''

E le aofia ai isi faʻaupuga, ma mafuaʻaga o le faʻafaigofieina ma le faʻaaogaina masani, o le `` herniated disc '' o se faaupuga lautele e sili ona lelei e faʻailoa ai le faʻaseeina o mea tisiketi. O le faaupuga e talafeagai e faʻailoa ai le lautele faʻavasega vaega pe a faʻasino i se faʻapitoa disk ma ia aofia ai o ituaiga eseese o le sifi pe a talanoa i vaega o discs. O le faaupuga e aofia ai discs e ono mafai ona iloga e sili atu faʻapitoa faaupuga, pei o le '' discotruded disc '' poʻo le '' disctruded disc. '' O le faaupuga `` herniated disc, '' e pei ona faʻamatalaina i lenei galuega, e faʻatatau i le faʻatulagaina o nofoaga o nucleus, cartilage, ponaivi apophyseal ponaivi, poʻo le vaevaeina annular aano i tua atu o le intervertebral disc avanoa. Localized ua faʻauigaina e laʻititi ifo i le 25% o le taʻamilosaga o le tisiketi. O le avanoa avanoa o loʻo faʻamatalaina, craniad ma caudad, e le vertebral tino pito i lalo papatusi ma, peripherally, i tafatafa o le vertebral mama apofyses, faʻapitoa o le osteophyte faʻavae. O lenei faʻamatalaga na faʻapea na sili atu ona aoga, aemaise lava mo le faʻauigaina o faʻataʻitaʻiga suʻesuʻega, nai lo le faʻamatalaina pathologic manaʻomia faʻailoaina o tisiketi mea faamalosia i fafo atu o tulaga masani ala i se faaletonu annular. O le fesuiaiga o mea tisiketi, a le ala i se gagau poʻo se faʻaletonu o le ponaivi pito i luga ipu poʻo le tuʻufaʻatasia ma le sifiina o vaega o puipui malepe o le tino vertebral, e mafai ona faʻamatalaina o le '' faʻafouina '' disc, e ui lava o ia faʻamatalaga e tatau ona o faʻatasi ma faʻamatalaga o le gau. ina ia aloese mai le le mautonu ma muamua herniation o tisiketi mea. O le faʻafesuiaʻiga o mea mai le tasi nofoaga i leisi nofoaga i totonu o le vateatea, e pei foi o femalagaaʻiga i totonu o le nofoaga o loʻo i totonu o le vateatea, e le taʻua o le herniation.

Ia mafaufauina "faʻaopoopoina," mea e tatau ona aveʻesea mai lona tulaga masani ae le naʻo le faʻatusalia o se tuputupu aʻe i tala atu o pito o apofyses, e pei foi o le tulaga pe a faʻafesoʻotaʻi mea totino e tutupu i avanoa i le va o oofofita poʻo le taimi o le tino ua aveese sela. tua o le tasi vertebra o se fetuʻunaʻiga i subluxation. Herniation, o le mea lea, e mafai ona tupu faʻatasi ma le faʻalavelaveina o le tulaga masani o le faʻamamaina poʻo, pei o le tulaga o le intravertebral herniation (Schmorl node), o se faʻaletonu i le pito o le tino o le vertebral plate.

O auiliiliga o le tusiata fale i totonu o le faʻamavaeina e masani ona le vaʻaia e oʻo i le sili ona lelei MRIs [21]. O le eseʻesega o le herniation e faia e ala i le maitauina o le fesuiaʻiga o mea o le disc i tua atu o le pito o le mama apophysis e pei o le "local" poʻo le "local," o lona uiga laititi ifo i le 25% o le liʻo o le disc. O le 25% laina vavaeina ua faʻavaeina e ala i le tauaofiaga e nonoina tonu i terminology ma e le o filifilia etiology, fesoʻotaʻi ma faʻailoga, poʻo faʻailoga togafitiga.

O faaupuga ― bulge or bulging faasino i le lautele lautele o disc disisi tua atu o pito o apofyses [65]. O ia faʻaputuga e aofia ai le sili atu i le 25% o le liʻo o le disk ma e masani ona faʻalauteleina se tau puʻupuʻu, e masani ona laʻititi ifo i le 3 mm, i talaatu o pito o apofyses (Fig 3). Bulge poʻo bulging faʻamatalaina se uiga faʻapitoa o ni mafuaaga eseese. O le faʻapipiʻi o nisi taimi o se fesuiaʻiga masani (masani i le L5 S1), e mafai ona tupu mai le faʻasolosolo tisaini o le disc pe mai le toe faʻaleleia o le tino (e pei o le osteoporosis, faʻaletonu, poʻo le faʻataʻitaʻiga o le faʻaletonu o foliga), e mafai ona tupu ma le vaivai i le tali atu i le utaina. poʻo le angular motion, e mafai ona avea ma faʻamatalaga e mafua mai i tua o le pito i lalo o le subligamentous disc protrusion, pe mafai foi ona avea ma faʻamatalaga taufaasese mai le aofaʻi o averesi (faʻapitoa ma le CT axial ata).

O le osooso, i se faauigaga, e le o se herniation. Faʻaaogaina o le faaupuga bul `` lololo '' i se tisiketi e le faʻapea o soʻo se malamalamaaga o etiology, vavalo, poʻo manaʻoga mo togafitiga pe faʻapea o le i ai o faʻailoga.

O se disc ono i ai, i le taimi e tasi, sili atu ma le tasi herniation. O le disk herniation mafai ona i ai faʻatasi ma isi faʻaletonu suiga, gau, poʻo le masani ai o le tisiki. O le upu `` herniated disc '' e le o faʻamatalaina ai soʻo se poto o le etiology, fesoʻotaʻi ma faʻailoga, vavalo, poʻo manaʻoga mo togafitiga.

A lava faʻamaumauga e faia ai le eseesega, a herniated tisiki atonu e sili atu faʻapitoa faʻaalia o le `` faʻasolosolo '' poʻo le '' faʻasolosolo. '' O nei faʻavasegaga e faʻavae i luga o foliga o le aveʻesea mea. Latou te le o faʻamatalaina le malamalama i le masini na mafua ai suiga.

Faiga Faʻapitoa

Disc protrusions e taulaʻi pe faʻatulagaina faʻaletonu o le kiliva itu e aofia ai laʻititi ifo ma le 25% o le tisiketi faataamilo. O se disc e ``protruded pe afai o le sili atu itu i le va o pito o le disc mea o loʻo faʻaalia i talaatu o le avanoa avanoa e laititi atu nai lo le mamao i le va o pito o le pito i lalo o na mea mea disc e faʻalautele i fafo atu o le avanoa avanoa. O le faʻavae ua faʻamatalaina o le lautele o le disc mea i le pito i fafo o le disc avanoa o le amataga, lea disc mea na aveʻesea i tala atu o le disc avanoa e faʻaauau pea ma le disc mea i totonu o le disc avanoa (Fig 4). O le upu `` tuʻufaʻatasia '' e talafeagai i le faʻamatalaina o herniated disc material, e pei ona talanoaina muamua.

Faʻasalalau Vaʻavaʻa

O le faaupuga `` faʻamatalaina '' e ogatasi ma le gagana gagana uiga o meafaʻamalosia faʻamalosi mai le tasi itu i le isi ala i se avanoa (37, 64]. Faatasi ai ma le faasino i se tisiketi, o le suʻega o extrusion o le faʻaiuga e, i le sili atu ma le tasi vaalele, soʻo se tasi mamao i le va o pito o le mea disc i tua atu o le disc avanoa e sili atu nai lo le mamao i le va o pito o le faʻavae fuaina i le tutusa vaalele pe a leai se faʻaauau i le va o le disc mea i tala atu o le disc avanoa ma lena i totonu o le disc avanoa (Fig 5). O mea tisiketi sosolo e leai se faʻaauauina ma le disc of origin e ono faʻaalia o le `` mulimuli ane faʻasolosolo '' (53, 66] (Fig 6). O se faʻasolosolo tisiketi o se subtype o le extruded disc ae, i le faʻauigaina, e le mafai ona avea ma se discotruded disc. ia taʻua o le `` femalagaaʻi, '' o se faaupuga e aoga mo le faʻauigaina o faʻataʻitaʻiga suʻesuʻega ona e masani ona faigata mai ata e iloa ai pe o iai se faʻaauau.

O le eseesega i le va o le vavalalata ma le faʻasalaga ma le va o loʻo iai ma le faʻasalalau e faʻavae i luga o faiga masani ma le taliaina lautele o faʻamatalaga i le uluai kopi o lenei pepa. O le isi seti o taʻiala, faʻafeiloaʻi e nisi o tagata faʻaaloalo, o loʻo faʻamatalaina le faʻamavaeina e le o mafai ona faʻaaogaina ma faʻamalosi e pei o le faʻamausaliina o le tuʻuina atu, e tusa lava po o le a le tele o le sootaga o le faavae i vaega o loʻo faʻaumatia. I nei taʻiala, o le faʻamaʻiina o le faʻamaʻi e mafai ona iloa e ala i le i ai o se laina faifai pea o le maualuga o le faʻamaoniga o loʻo siosiomia ai le vaʻaia o le disk. Latou te taʻua mai o ata o loʻo i ai nei e mafai ai lenei tulaga o le faʻasesega ma o le i ai poʻo le toesea o le faʻamautuina e sili atu lona aoga nai lo le faʻaogaina o le mea ua faʻanoanoa [35].

Pe o latou metotia o le a faʻamaonia sili atu nai lo le taimi nei fautuaina metotia o le a fuafuaina e le lumanaʻi suʻesuʻega. O le faʻaaogaina o le eseʻesega i le va o le prusion '' ma le '' extrusion '' e tuu i le faitalia ma o nisi tagata matau e ono manaʻo e faʻaaoga, i tulaga uma, o le sili atu lautele faaupuga `` herniation. '' O isi faʻaeseesega e masani ona faia e uiga i le taofiofia, faʻaauau, voluma, tuʻufaʻatasiga, ma le nofoaga o le discaced nofoaga mea.

Mauaina, Faaauau, ma le Malaga

Herniated disc material can be ��contained�� or ��uncontained.�� The test of containment is whether the displaced disc tissues are wholly held within intact outer annulus and/or posterior longitudinal ligament fibers. Fluid or any contrast that has been injected into a disc with a ��contained�� herniation would not be expected to leak into the vertebral canal. Although the posterior longitudinal ligament and/or peridural membrane may partially cover the extruded disc tissues, such discs are not considered ��contained�� unless the posterior longitudinal ligament is intact. The technical limitations of currently available noninvasive imaging modalities (CT and MRI) often preclude the distinction of a contained from an uncontained disc herniation. CT-discography does not always allow one to distinguish whether the herniated components of a disc are contained, but only whether there is a communication between the disc space and the vertebral canal.

O fasi fasipepa ua aveese ua masani ona taʻua o le `` leai se totogi. '' O se '' fasi fua '' e tutusa ma se fasi pepa lea, ae le tutusa ma le "faʻafouina." or sequestrated pe afai e leai se toega o le faʻaauauina o mea disc i le va o ia ma le disc o le amataga. O se disk e mafai ona "toe faʻafesoʻotaʻi," ma le leiloa o le faʻamaoni o le posterior longitudinal ligament ma le fafo atu o le faʻaumatiaga, ae o loʻo tumau pea i le va o le herniated / displaced disc material ma le disc o le amataga.

O le faaupuga `` malaga '' disc poʻo se vaega e faʻasino i le faʻaseeina o le tele o mea na aveese mai le mea na aveʻesea mai le amataga i totonu o le faʻamalamalamaga na sosolo mai ai mea. Nisi vaega sifi o le a faʻasolosolo, ae o le upu '' siitia '' e faatatau naʻo le tulaga ae le o le faʻaauau.

O faaupuga capsule ma subcapsular na faʻaaoga e faʻatatau ai i le taofiofia e se faʻamatalaga tuʻufaʻatasia o le annulus ma le ligament. O nei faaupuga e le faʻaaogaina.

Faʻasino tonu i le ligament longitudinal posterior, o nisi tusitala na latou vaʻaia le aveeseina o mea e pei o le "sublucamentous," e tutusa ma le `` aofia ai. ''

Volume ma le Faʻatulagaga o Mea Faʻafitauli

O se polokalame e faʻauiga ai le tulaga o le fetuʻunaʻiga o alavai e faia e le disc displaced e tatau ona aoga, faʻamoemoe, e saʻo lelei, ma talafeagai ile falemaʻi. O se auala faigofie e faʻataunuʻu ai le faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻaaogaina lua-dimensional fua na aveina mai le vaega axial i le nofoaga o le sili ona ogaoga fetuʻunaʻiga. Canal fetuunai o lalo ifo o le tasi vaetolu o le alavai i lena vaega o le "agamalu," i le va o le tasi ma le lua vaetolu o le "agamalu, ma sili atu i le lua-vaetolu o le" soʻosoʻo. ia apalai mo aafia foraminal.

O ia faʻaaliga o le volumes e naʻo le vaega o loʻo faʻasalalau i se vaega e tasi ma e le o faʻamaumauga mo le aofaʻi o mea e leiloa; latalata i, faamalosi, ma le faaleagaina o fausaga; poʻo isi mea e sili ona taua, lea e mafai e le tagata matau ona auiliili auiliili e ala i le faʻamatalaga faʻamatala.

O le tuufaatasiga o mea ua fano e mafai ona faamatalaina i faaupuga e pei o le faaniukilia, cartilaginous, popo, faʻavasegaina, faʻamalosi, faʻafefeteina, siʻosiʻomaga, faʻaogaina, gasegase, pe liu.

O le taua o le tino e fesootaʻi ma le maitauina o le maualuga ma le tuufaatasiga e faalagolago lea i le fesuiaiga ma faʻamatalaga faʻamatalaga ma e le mafai ona faʻaalia mai naʻo le morphologic data.

nofoaga

Bonneville proposed a useful and simple alphanumeric system to classify, according to location, the position of disc fragments that have migrated in the horizontal or sagittal plane [6, 13]. Using anatomic boundaries familiar to surgeons, Wiltse proposed another system [14, 67]. Anatomic ��zones�� and ��levels�� are defined using the following landmarks: medial edge of the articular facets; medial, lateral, upper, and lower borders of the pedicles; and coronal and sagittal planes at the center of the disc. On the horizontal (axial) plane, these landmarks determine the boundaries of the central zone, the subarticular zone (lateral recess), the foraminal zone, the extraforaminal zone, and the anterior zone, respectively (Fig. 11). On the sagittal (craniocaudal) plane, they determine the boundaries of the disc level, the infrapedicular level, the pedicular level, and the suprapedicular level, respectively (Fig. 12). The method is not as precise as the drawings depict because borderlines such as the medial edges of facets and the walls of the pedicles are curved, but the method is simple, practical, and in common usage.

O le feʻaveaʻi mai le ogatotonu i le taumatau taumatau o le vaʻalele (faʻataʻamilomilo) vaʻaia, nofoaga e ono faʻamatalaina o le ogatotonu, taumatau ogatotonu, taumatau pito i lalo, taumatau foraminal, poʻo le extraforaminal taumatau. O le faaupuga `` paracentral e laʻititi tele nai lo le faʻauigaina o le '' ogatotonu tutotonu '' poʻo le '' agavale agavale, '' ae e aoga i le faʻamatalaina o vaega o discs e aofia uma ai, pe a talanoa faʻaletulafono, pe a le taua le itu. Mo le lipotia o faʻaliga vaʻaia o se tisiketi faʻapitoa, tonu ogatotonu poʻo lifa agavale '' e tatau ona sili atu i le faʻaaogaina o le upu `` paracentral. '' O le upu `` mamao mamao '' o nisi taimi e faʻaaoga tutusa ma extraforaminal

I totonu o le vaalele, o le nofoaga e mafai ona faauigaina e le lelei, infrapedicular, suprapedicular, poʻo pedicular. I totonu o le vaalele, o le pito i luma, i le fesootaʻi ma le disasi, o lona uiga o le vaalele i le va o midcoronal ole centrum.

lomi fefiloi

Manatua:O nisi faaupuga ma faʻauiga o loʻo aofia i lenei Faʻaupuga Upu e le fautuaina o ni faaupuga e fiafia iai ae o loʻo aofia ai e faʻafaigofie ai le faʻamatalaina o le gagana masani, ma i nisi tulaga, le faʻaaoga tatau. Faʻauigaina faʻapitoa e lisi muamua lava. O faʻauiga le faʻatusatusaina o loʻo tuʻuina i puipui, ma i le maliega autasi a le faʻapotopotoga o mea faigaluega, e le tatau ona faʻaaogaina i le auala na faʻamatalaina. O nisi faaupuga o loʻo faʻaigoaina foi o se faʻaupuga, ma nisi faʻailoga pe latou te manatu e leʻo fiafia pe le faʻatusatusaina.

Lafoaʻiina o faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻi:�disc herniation of a relatively recent occurrence. Note: paradiscal inflammatory reaction and relatively bright signal of the disc material on T2-weighted images suggest relative acuteness. Such changes may persist for months, however. Thus, absent clinical correlation and/or serial studies, it is not possible to date precisely by imaging when a herniation occurred. An acutely herniated disc material may have brighter signal on T2-weighted MRI sequences than the disc from which the disc material originates [46,�59,�64,�68]. Note that a relatively acute herniation can be superimposed on a previously existing herniation. An acute disc herniation may regress spontaneously without specific treatment. See: chronic disc herniation.

Aging disks: disk faʻaalia ai se tasi o le eseese aʻafiaga o le matua i luga o le tisiki. O le leiloa o le suavai mai le kulimi na tupu ae le i suia MRI, sosoʻo ai ma le alualu i luma o MRI faʻaali suiga e ogatusa ma le alualu i luma alualu i luma o vai vai ma faʻateleina i collagen ma faʻaputuputu proteoglycans. Vaʻai faʻavasega Pfirrmann.

Faʻaiuga faʻapitoa:Vavaeʻesega i le va o filo annular, tuʻu eseʻesega o alava mai a latou tamaʻitaʻi vertebral tuʻu i totonu, poʻo le vavaeʻeseina o alava e faʻalautele faʻasolosolo, faʻasolosolo, poʻo le tuʻufaʻatasi, e aofia ai le tasi poʻo le tele o vaega o le annular lamellae. Manatua o faaupuga fissure ma le tear e masani ona faʻaaoga tutusa i taimi ua tuanaʻi. O le upu `` loimata '' e le talafeagai mo le faʻaogaina i le faʻamatalaina o ata mauaina ma e le tatau ona faʻaaogaina (loimata: le faʻatusatusa). Leai se faaupuga faʻailoa manuʻa pe faʻataʻitaʻia soʻo se poto o le etiology, poʻo le uiga faʻaalia soʻo se sootaga i faʻailoga pe o le disc o se ono tigaina generator, ma leai se uiga faʻaalia soʻo se manaʻoga mo togafitiga. Vaʻai faʻapea foi: annular gap, annular rupture, annular loimata, concentric fissure, HIZ, radial fissure, transverse fissure.

Faʻavaʻa faʻapitoa (le faʻatusatusaina): faʻatulagaina attenuation (CT) poʻo le faʻailoga (MRI) faʻaletonu, e masani ona tafatolu i foliga, i le pito i tua o le disk, e ono avea ma sui o le faʻalauteleina o se vavalalata faʻatonutonu fusiua, felavasaʻi felavasaʻiga felavasaʻi faʻatasi ai ma le faʻamalosi o le ogatotonu fasi, poʻo se faʻamalosia o se nofoaga faʻatauaina o macerated faʻaleaogaina.

Faʻapuupuuga faʻapitoa:Faʻalavelaveina o filo o le faʻaleaogaina e ala i se faʻafuaseʻi o manuʻa. Ole faʻailoga lea ole falemaʻi; faʻaaogaina o le faaupuga e le talafeagai mo se mama faʻamatalaina ata, lea nai lo le tatau ona taulaʻi atu i se auiliiliga faʻamatalaga o mea na maua. Faʻaleaogaina le faʻamavaeina 'lēfaʻaigoa faʻatasi ma le annular fissure, poʻo le `` disrupt disk. ''

Talofa faʻapitoa, faʻanoanoa solo (le faʻatusatusaina): vaʻai faʻavaega o le soloia ma le talepeina o le soloia.

Vaʻavae ese:Disparation o tisiki tisiki i talaatu o le avanoa avanoa i totonu o le pito i luma.

Vaevaega pito i lalo:Zoneperidiscal sone e pito i luma i le ogatotonu vaʻalele o le vertebral tino.

Faʻaaogaina, faʻaaogaina (faʻapuʻupuʻu le faʻaaogaina o le fibrosus):�multilaminated fibrous tissue forming the periphery of each disc space, attaching, craniad and caudad, to end plate cartilage and a ring apophyseal bone and blending centrally with the nucleus pulposus. Note: either anulus or annulus is correct spelling. Nomina Anatomica uses both forms, whereas Terminologia Anatomica states �� anulus fibrosus�� [22]. Fibrosus has no correct alternative spelling; fibrosis has a different meaning and is incorrect in this context.

Faʻafefete tutusa:O le iai o le sili atu nai lo le 25% o le fafo fafo o loʻo sosoʻo i tua atu o le taamilosaga o le tuaoi tulimanu, sili atu ona manino i se tasi vaega o le itu o le disc nai lo le isi, ae le lava faʻatatau e faʻailoaina o se protrusion. Faʻaaliga: asymmetric disc bulging o se vaʻai faʻapitoa e ono i ai ni mafuaʻaga eseese ma e le faʻapea etiiti poʻo faʻatasi ma faʻailoga. Vaʻai faʻaputuga.

Palo o le Balloon (faʻaaloalo, e le mamao):Faʻaalia le faʻateleina o le disk i se tulaga maualuga-maualalo ona o le ifo i lalo o le iviiti pito papatusi ona o le faʻavaivaia o le ponaivi e pei ogaoga osteoporosis.

Lalo (o le vaevaega):- o le koluse-vaega vaega o mea tisiketi i le pito i fafo o le disc avanoa o amataga, pe a mea mea tisiki i tala atu o le disc avanoa e faifai pea ma disc mea i totonu o le disc avanoa. I le craniocaudal direction, o le umi o le faʻavae e le mafai ona sili atu, i le faʻauigaina, o le maualuga o le avanoa intervertebral. I luga o le axial imaging, faavae e faʻasino i le lautele i le pito i fafo o le disc space, o le amataga mai o soʻo se disc mea e faʻalautele i talaatu o le disc space.

Black disc (colloquial, nonstandard): vaʻai i le pogisa tisiki.

Pupunaina o le fatu, pulou (numera [n]), masini (veape [v])

1. O se disc lea e faʻalauteleina ai le pito i fafo o le pito i fafo, pe foliga mai e faʻalautele, i le vaʻavaʻa (axial) vaalele i tala atu o pito o le avanoa avanoa, e masani ona sili atu i le 25% (90--) o le liʻo o le disk ma masani ona laʻititi sili atu ile 3 mm tala atu o pito o le vertebral body apophysis.
2. (Nonstandard) O se vaega lea e faalautele atu ai le pito i fafo o le lautele i tua atu o le pito o le avanoa o le avanoa.
3. (Nonstandard) Mild, diffuse, smooth displacement of disc.
4. (Faʻaauau) Soʻo se vavaega faʻavae i le tulaga faʻavae.

Manatua:Bulbul o se maitauina o le pito i fafo o le fafo disk ma e le o se faʻapitoa faʻamaoniga. O le faʻapipiʻiina na faʻaigoaina eseese i le faʻaitiitia o le faʻaleaʻogaina, lona lua i le leiloa o le maualuga o le avanoa o le disc, ligamentous laxity, tali atu i le utaina poʻo le angular motion, toefaʻaleleia e tali atu ai i faʻafitauli lata mai, le aloaʻia ma atypical herniation, ma le malamalamaaga mai le tele averesi i le CT axial ata Lelei symmetric posterior disc bulging atonu o se masani maua i le L5 S1. O le osooso atonu pe leai foi faʻatusa patologic suiga, fesuiaʻiga o le tino, poʻo le masani ai. O le osooso e le o se ituaiga o herniation; discs iloa e herniated tatau ona faʻamaonia o herniation pe, pe a talafeagai ai, o ni ituaiga faʻapitoa o herniation. Vaʻai: herniated disc, protruded disc, extruded disc.

Faʻatulaga le disas:Faʻailogaina i totonu o le avanoa avanoa, e le aofia ai ma le osteophytes i le siʻosiʻomaga o le avanoa avanoa.

Cavitation:Vaelua, vavae, alavai, poʻo nifo na fausia i totonu o le vaega o loʻo i totonu ma faʻamamaina totonu mai le faʻaleagaina o le disk.

Vaavaai le vaʻa vaʻa.

Faʻamasinoga Tutotonu:One i totonu o le kanesa vertebral i le va o vaʻalele sagittal ala i le medial pito o itu taʻitasi. Faʻaaliga: o le ogatotonu o le ogatotonu sone o se sagittal vaʻalele ala i le ogatotonu o le vertebral tino. O sone i itu uma o le vaalele ogatotonu esaʻo tonu and tauagavale i totonu, o mea e sili ona manaʻomia pe a iloa le itu, pei o le lipotia ata faʻataʻitaʻiga o se faapitoa tisiketi. Pe a le faʻamatalaina le itu, pe faʻapipiʻiina uma ma le taumatau ma le agavale, o le upu faʻaiʻupalatiniE talafeagai.

Faʻamatalaga faʻasolo taimi:�a clinical distinction that a disc herniation is of long duration. There are no universally accepted definitions of the intervals that distinguish between acute, subacute, and chronic disc herniations. Serial MRIs revealing disc herniations that are unchanged in appearance over time may be characterized as chronic. Disc herniations associated with calcification or gas on CT may be suggested as being chronic. Even so, the presence of calcification or gas does not rule out an acutely herniated disc. Note that an acute disc herniation may be superimposed on a chronic disc herniation. Magnetic resonance imaging signal characteristics may, on rare occasion, allow differentiation of acute and chronic disc herniations [16,�59,�64]. In such cases, acutely herniated disc material may appear brighter than the disc of origin on T2-weighted sequences [46,�59,�61]. Also, see disc-osteophyte complex.

Claw osteophyte:O le tupu aʻe o le ponaivi e aliaʻe latalata i le paʻu o le disc, mai le vertebral body apophysis, faʻatonutonuina, ma le saluina o le faʻatulagaina, agaʻi i le vaega tutusa o le tino vertebral faʻafesagaʻi ma le disc.

Faʻapipiʻi faʻasolosolo poʻo le faʻaogalua:- o se disk lea na suia ai le mucopolysaccharide o le fatu i le gaʻo o le tino.

Fesoʻotaiga faʻasolo, fesoʻotaʻiga (n), fesoʻotaʻiga (v) (le faʻatusatusaina): fesoʻotaʻiga e faʻatatau i le faʻalavelaveina i le itu o le disc annulus, faʻatagaina le maua fua o suavai tui i totonu o le disk i fafo o le disc, e pei ona maitauina i le taimi o talaʻaga. Leai se upu uiga tutusa ma le `` faʻasologa faʻafuaseʻi.

Fissure concentric: fissure o le faʻamaoniga faʻaalia i le tuuʻeseʻeseina o annular alava i totonu o le vaʻalele e tutusa tutusa ma le piʻoga o le siʻomia o le disc, fausiaina suavai-tumu avanoa i le va o lata ane annular lamellae. Vaʻai: faʻasalalaʻila radial, felafolafoaʻiga felavasaʻi, HIZ.

Faʻaaogaina le herniation, teuina (n), aofia ai (v)

1. Displaced disc tissue existing wholly within an outer perimeter of uninterrupted outer annulus or posterior longitudinal ligament.
2. (Nonstandard) O se faʻamau faʻatasi ai ma ona mea e sili ona tele, ae le o le mea atoa, i totonu o le solo po o le capsule.
3. (Nonstandard) O se disc faʻatasi ai ma elemene ua suia i totonu o soʻo se investiture o le canal vertebral.

A disc that is less than wholly contained by annulus, but under a distinct posterior longitudinal ligament, is contained. Designation as ��contained�� or ��uncontained�� defines the integrity of the ligamentous structures surrounding the disc, a distinction that is often but not always possible by advanced imaging. On CT and MRI scans, contained herniations typically have a smooth margin, whereas uncontained herniations most often have irregular margins because the outer annulus and the posterior longitudinal ligament have been penetrated by the disc material [35,�37]. CT-discography also does not always allow one to distinguish whether the herniated components of a disc are contained, but only whether there is communication between the disc space and the vertebral canal.

Faʻaauau:- fesoʻotaʻiga o sela ua aveese sela e se alalaupapa o tisiki pepa solo, tusa lava le manifinifi, i aano i totonu o le disk o le amataga.

Faʻatulagaina o Dallas (of postdiscography imaging): masani faʻaaoga faʻailoga faiga mo le tikeri o annular fissuring vaaia i le CT ata o discs ina ua maeʻa discography. Dallas Vasega 0 e masani; Vasega 1: faʻasologa o faʻatusatusaga i totonu o le tasi vaetolu o le faʻaleaʻogaina; Vasega 2: faʻasologa o faʻatusatusaga i totonu o le lua vaetolu o le soloia; Vasega 3: faʻasolo e ala i le atoa mafiafia o le annulus; Vasega 4: eseesega faʻalauteleina faʻasolosolo; Vasega 5: faʻatusatusaga extravasates i le epidural avanoa (Vaʻai discogram, discography).

Pogisa puʻe (colloquial, nonstandard): disc with nucleus faʻaalia ai le faʻaititia o le malosi o ata i luga o ata T2-weighted (pogisa), masani lava ona o le faʻateʻaina o le vaega lona lua i le faʻaleagaina. Faʻapea foi: uliuli tisiketi (colloquial, leai tulaga faʻapitoa). Vaʻai: faʻaleagaina o tisiketi, faʻavasegaina Pfirrmann.

Paʻu vavalalata, faʻaleagaina (n), degenerate (v)

1. Suiga i se pusa o loʻo faʻaalia ai le suia o tikeri i se tasi pe sili atu foi o mea nei: lafoaʻiina, vavaeina, fibrosis, ma le faʻaleagaina gase o le nucleus; mucous depression, fissuring, ma le leiloa o le faamaoni o le faalēaogā; afaina i ma / poo le sclerosis o papatusi iuga; ma le osteophytes i le vertebral apophyses.
2. Imaging manifestation of such changes, including [35]�standard roentgenographic findings, such as disc space narrowing and peridiscal osteophytes, MRI disc findings (see Pfirrmann classification [61]), CT disc findings (see discogram/discography and Dallas classification [42]), and/or MRI findings of vertebral end plate and marrow reactive changes adjacent to a disc (see Modic classification [38]).

Lese faamaʻi leselase (vaitaimi le aoga pe a faʻaaogaina o se ata faʻamatalaina): o se tulaga faʻailoaina e faʻaaliga o disc degeneration ma auga manatu e fesoʻotaʻi ma i latou o degenerative suiga. Faʻaaliga: mafuaʻaga fesoʻotaʻiga i le va o le faʻaleagaina suiga ma auga e masani ona faigata faʻapitoa eseʻesega falemaʻi. O le faaupuga `` faʻamaʻi discegenerative disc o loʻo i ai ni faʻamaʻi o maʻi atonu e le talafeagai pe a na o le tasi pe o faʻamuamua faʻailoga o maʻi e mai i ata faʻataʻitaʻi, ma o lea o lenei faaupuga e le tatau ona faʻaaogaina pe a faʻamatalaina ata faʻamaumauga. O le faaupuga e manaʻomia mo faʻamatalaga o faʻaaliga foliga o degenerated disc poʻo disc degeneration, nai lo degenerative disc faamaʻi.

Delamination:Vaeluaina o filo faʻasolosolo i laina i luga o le vaʻalele e tutusa ma le siʻosiʻomaga o le disk, faʻailogaina ai le concentric fissure o le faʻamavaeina.

Vaevaega lelei

1. Faʻasaga ma le faʻaitiitia o le vai, e masani lava o masini faaniukilia.
2. Imaging manifestations of reduced water content of the disc, such as decreased (dark) signal intensity on T2-weighted images, or of apparent reduced water content, as from alterations in the concentration of hydrophilic glycosaminoglycans. See also: dark disc (colloquial, nonstandard).

Disc (disk):�complex structure composed of nucleus pulposus, annulus fibrosus, cartilaginous end plates, and vertebral body ring apophyseal attachments of annulus. Note: most English language publications use the spelling ��disc�� more often than ��disk�� [1,�20,�22,�69,�70]. Nomina Anatomica designates the structures as ��disci intervertebrales�� and Terminologia Anatomica as ��discus intervertebralis/intervertebral disc�� [22,�70]. (See ��disc level�� for naming and numbering of a particular disc).

Lelei le amio:O le mamao i le va o vaalele o le pito o papatusi o le vertebral tino craniad ma caudad i le disc. O le maualuga o le tisiketi e tatau ona fuaina i le ogatotonu o le disk, ae le o le siʻomia. Afai e fuaina i le pito i tua poʻo le pito i luma o le disc i luga o le sagittal image o le tuasivi, e tatau ona manino le faʻamatalaina pei o lea.

Tulaga faʻavae:ELevel o le disc ma le vertebral canal i le va o vaʻalele i lalo o pito o ponaivi o le vertebrae craniad ma le caudad i le disk o loʻo faʻamatalaina.

1. A particular disc is best named by naming the region of the spine and the vertebra above and below it; for example, the disc between the fourth and fifth lumbar vertebral bodies is named ��lumbar 4�5,�� commonly abbreviated as L4�L5, and the disc between the fifth lumbar vertebral body and the first sacral vertebral body is called ��lumbosacral disc�� or ��L5�S1.�� Common anomalies include patients with six lumbar vertebrae or transitional vertebrae at the lumbosacral junction that require, for clarity, narrative explanation of the naming of the discs.
2. (Nonstandard) O se tisiketi e faʻailogaina e le vertebral body i ona luga; mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, o le disk i le va o le L4 ma le L5 e mafai ona faʻaigoaina o le "the L4 disc .
3. Faʻaliga: o le vaega minoi, numera i le tutusa auala, o se aoga iunite o le ivitū, aofia ai le vertebral tino luga ma lalo, o le disc, o le facet soʻoga, ma le fesoʻotaʻiga vaivai aʻa ma e masani ona taʻua ma faatatau i le mautu o le tuasivi.

Faʻasologa o le amataga: disc mai le mea na amata mai ai se fasi pepa solaʻaga. Upu uiga: matua tisiketi Faʻaaliga: talu ai o vaega ua aveʻesea e masani lava ona iai aʻa e ese mai i le nucleus, o le disc of origin e sili atu i le fatu o le amataga. Matua disk e tutusa, ae sili atu tautalaga ma e leʻo manaʻomia.

Avanoa avanoa:'Avanoa faʻatapulaʻa, craniad ma caudad, i le pito o papatusi o le vertebrae ma peripherally i le pito o le vertebral tino mama apofyses, faʻapitoa o osteophytes. Upu uiga tutusa: intervertebral disc avanoa. Vaʻai i le 'tulaga mo le faʻaigoaina ma le faanumeraina o discs.

Discogenic vertebral sclerosis:Inc ua faʻateleina le ponaivi o le ponaivi ma le faʻailoga e sosoʻo ma pito o papatusi o le vertebrae, craniad ma le caudad, i se disc degenerated, o nisi taimi e fesoʻotaʻi ma intervertebral osteochondrosis. Faʻailoa ile MRI ole Ituaiga Faʻataʻitaʻiga III.

Faʻafiafiaga, faʻamatalaga: se faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻasolosolo metotia lea e tuiina ai meafaʻatusatusa i le totonugalemu o le disk ma faʻasalalauga ma le vaʻai faʻataʻitaʻi, e masani ona mulimuli mai ma le CT / discogram. O le faʻataʻitaʻiga e masani ona o mai ma fuataga fua ma le iloiloga o tiga tali (faʻaosofia discography). O le tikeri o le annular fissuring na faʻailoa mai e le discography e mafai ona faʻamatalaina e le Dallas faʻavasegaina ma ona suiga (Vaʻai Dallas faʻavasegaina).

Puipuiga Disc-osteophyte:Faʻafesoʻotaʻiga o le intervertebral disc, pe faʻafuaseʻi, protrusion, poʻo le extrusion, e fesoʻotaʻi ma faʻasologa faʻapitoa poʻo ossification. O isi taimi e taʻua o le hard disk poʻo le disc disc herniation (e leʻo faʻaaogaina). Eseesega e tatau ona faia i le va o le spondylotic disc herniation, pe calcified disc herniation` (e leʻo faʻaaogaina), o toega o le tuai disk herniation; ma le `` spondylotic bulging disc, '' o se lautele lautele faʻavae tumutumu foliga e fesoʻotaʻi ma faʻamamaina tisiketi osooso.

Vaevae ese (le faʻatusatusaina): o se disc lea disc mea i tala atu o le pito i fafo o le vertebral tino mama apophyses (faʻapitoa o osteophytes) o le craniad ma caudad vertebrae, pe, pei o le tulaga o intravertebral herniation, ua ati i totonu o le vertebral tino ipu pito.

Faʻaaliga: ole vavae ese o se faaupuga lautele e le afaina ai le malamalama o togafitiga faʻavae, mafuaʻaga, sootaga i faʻamaoniga, poʻo le manaʻomia mo togafitiga. O le faaupuga e aofia ai, ae le gata mai i le, disselaina o le herniation ma le malaga ese. Vaʻavaʻai: faʻasolosolo faʻasolosolo, otaota alu ese.

Faʻamau faʻavae:'Vaai i le membrane peridural.

Vaega o le Extraforaminal: o le peridiscal sone i tua atu o le vaʻalele sagittal o autafa pito o le uila, e leai se faʻavasega lelei tuaoi, ae mautinoa mulimuli ane i le pito i luma sone. Upu uiga tutusa: fal lateral zone, also far-out zone (non standard

Faʻaauau:Terior poʻo le itu i tua ole ligament longitudinal posterior. Faʻaaliga: extraligamentous disc e faʻasino i le discaced disc tissue o loʻo tu i tua pe i tafatafa o le posterior longitudinal ligament. Afai o le tisiketi na sosolo i totonu o le ligament longitudinal posterior, e taʻua i nisi taimi transligamentous pe perforated e ma afai e ala i le peridural membrane, o nisi taimi e faʻamamaina e transmembranous.

Faʻapipiʻi le 'ie, faʻasalaga (n), faʻamalo (v):Ase disc herniated lea, a itiiti mai e tasi le vaalele, soʻo se tasi mamao i le va o pito o le disc mea i tua atu o le disc space e sili atu nai lo le mamao i le va o pito o le base o mea disc i tua atu o le disc space i le lava vaʻalele. pe a leai se faʻaauau i le va o le disc mea i tua atu o le disc avanoa ma lena i totonu o le disc avanoa. Faʻaaliga: o le faʻauigaina e manaʻomia e ogatusa ma le masani a foliga o extrusion, o se faʻateʻaina o mea mai se koneteina ala ma tala atu o se gatu. Suʻega i tua atu o le pito i fafo o le soloia o mea tisiketi ma soʻo se mamao i le va o ona pito sili atu nai lo le mamao i le va o pito o le faʻavaeeseese extrusion mai protrusion. O le faʻailoaina o le extrusion mai le protrusion e ala i le faʻataʻitaʻiga e sili ona lelei e ala i le fuaina o pito o mea ua aveeseina ma le toega faʻaauau pea ma le disc o le amataga, ae o le sootaga o le vaega ua aveʻesea i le gutu lea na pasia e sili atu ona faigofie ona vaʻaia taotoga. Uiga o protrusion ma extrusion ono nonofo faʻatasi, i le tulaga e tatau ona subcategorized le disc pei extruded. O tisiketi sosolo ese atu lea e leiloa uma ai le faʻaauauina o le amataga mai e pei o le `` mulimuli ane. '' - O mea e aveese mai le nofoaga na aumai ai le extrusion e mafai ona faʻapea o le `` migrated. '' Vaʻai: herniated disc, migrated disc , tisiki protruded.

Faʻaliga: O se isi polokalame ua lagolagoina e nisi faʻaaloalo radiologists oe talitonu e sili lelei faʻapolofesa apalai. O lenei polokalame o loʻo faʻamatalaina ai le extruded disc e tutusa ma le `` discontain '' ma e le faʻaaogaina faʻatusatusaga o fuataga faʻasaga i mea ua aveʻesea. I lenei faʻauiga, e mafai ona faʻailoa mai se extrusion i le iai o se laina faifai pea o le maualalo o le faʻailo o loʻo siʻomia ai le herniation o le disc. Suʻesuʻega lumanaʻi o le a atili faʻamaonia ai le aoga o lenei isi faʻamatalaga. Vaʻai: aofia ai tisiki.

Vaʻa mamao: o le peridiscal sone i tua atu o le vaʻalele sagittal o le pito pito o le vae, e leai se faʻamatalaina lelei tuaoi tuaoi, ae mautinoa mulimuli ane i le pito i luma sone. Upu uiga tutusa: extraforaminal sone.

Fissure of annulus:'Vaʻai i le valavala faʻaletausaga.

Vaefaʻafega:- o le sone i le va o vaalele e ui atu i le ogatotonu ma le itu pito o le uila. Faʻaaliga: o le foraminal sone e taʻua i nisi taimi o le "sone faʻavae" (e leʻo faʻatusatusa), lea e mafai ona le mautonu ona o le sone faʻavae e ono faʻatatau foi i fuataga i le vaʻalele sagittal va o le pito i luga ma lalo o luga o le sapalai tuʻuina atu o loʻo faʻaigoaina lelei ole pedicle level. O le foraminal sone e taʻua foʻi i nisi taimi o le sided vide (e leʻo faʻatusatusa), lea e mafai ona fenumiai aua o le ateral faʻavaʻa '' e mafai ona le mautonu ma ) ma e mafai foi ona uiga o le extraforaminal sone poʻo se vaega e aofia uma ai le foraminal ma extraforaminal sone.

Faʻasalaga avanoa

1. Se vaega o le disa ua vavae ese mai le pusa o le afuaga ma e leai se alalaupapa faifaipea o le fatu mea e fai i le mea o loo i totonu o le fatuga o le tupuaga. Synonym: faʻapipiʻiina le disc.
2. (E le mafaamatalaina) O se vaega e le o aofia ai i totonu o le pito i fafo o le tala.
3. (E le o se mea masani) Se vaega e le o aofia ai i totonu o le faʻailoga, le liuga o le longitudinal posterior, poʻo le membrane peridural.

Faʻaaliga: faʻamatalaga mulimuli '' ma le `` leai se fasi '' e toeititi lava uiga tutusa. A faʻasino i le tulaga o le disk, faʻavasegaina pei extruded ma subcategorization pei faʻasolosolo e sili, ae a faʻasino faʻapitoa lava i le fasi, fua saoloto e sili.

Gap of annulus:Vaʻai avanoa vaʻaia.

Faigata faigata (faʻapitoa):disc displaced lea na aveʻesea ai le vaega na faia ai le faʻavasegaina poʻo le ossification ma ono vavalalata vavalalata ma apophyseal osteophytes. Faʻaaliga: o le upu `` hard disc '' e masani ona faʻaaoga e faʻatatau i le ua o le faʻaʻautagata e faʻaeseese ai le fesuiaʻi o le hypertrophic ma le toe fesuiaiga i le siʻosiʻomaga o le disk mai le sili atu le ogaoga puna o le vaivai, sili ona tele vaega faaniukilia. Vaʻai: masani disc herniation, disc-osteophyte complex.

Vailaʻau faʻamaonia, faʻasalaga (n), faʻasalaga (v):Localized pe faʻatulagaina suiga o mea tisiketi i talaatu o le masani laina o le intervertebral disk avanoa. Faʻaaliga: faʻatulagaina '' poʻo faʻalapotopotogaʻo lona uiga, e ala i tauaofiaga, laʻititi ifo i le 25% (90--) o le liʻo o le disk.

Herniated disc material e ono aofia ai le nucleus pulposus, cartilage, fragility apophyseal ponaivi, poʻo le annulus fibrosus aano. O laina masani o le vateatea intervertebral avanoa o loʻo faʻamatalaina, craniad ma caudad, e le vertebral body end plate ma peripherally i tafatafa o le vertebral body ring apophyses, faʻapitoa lava i le osteophytic formations. Herniated disc e masani lava ona faʻasino i le faʻaseeina o tisiki tisiki e ala i se faʻalavelave i le faʻamamaina, o le tuʻufaʻatasia o intravertebral herniations (Schmorl nodes) lea e faʻaseʻe ai e ala atu i le ipu o le vertebral. Herniated discs mafai ona sili atu subcategorized pei protruded pe extruded. O le Herniated disc e taʻua i nisi taimi o le HNP, ae o le faaupuga `` herniated disc '' e sili atu ona e faʻapea o sela ua see ese ma isi nofoaga e masani ona aofia ai cartilage, ponaivi ponaivi, poʻo annular aisi. O faaupuga `` solofanua '' ma le `` faʻalavelaveina '' pe a faʻasino i disc herniations e le tutusa ma o latou faʻaaoga tatau ona taofia. Faʻamatalaga:

Faʻasologa o le pulupus nucleus nucleus (HNP, nonpreferred): vaʻai i le herniated disc.

Vaega ole malosi (HIZ):Area o le maualuga malosi i luga o T2-mamafa MRI o le disk, o loʻo masani ona tuʻuina i fafo fafo. Faʻaaliga: HIZs i totonu o le posterior annular vailaʻau ono faʻailoa mai le i ai o se annular fissure i totonu o le faʻamavaeina, ae o nei faaupuga e le tutusa. O le HIZ lava ia e ono avea ma sui o le moni annular fissure poʻo se isi mea, ono fai ma sui vascularized fibrous aʻa (granulation aano) i totonu o le vailaʻau o le tisiki i se eria e latalata i se fissure. O le vaʻaia o se HIZ e le o lona uiga o se faʻateʻia mataʻutia pe o le disk o se mafuaʻaga o le tiga.

Laasaga infrapedicular:- O le tulaga i le va o vaalele axial o pito maualalo o pedicle craniad i le disk o loʻo fesiligia ma le pito maualalo pito o le vertebral tino i luga aʻe o le disc o lo o fesiligia. Upu uiga tutusa: maualuga vertebral notch.

Lotoina i totonu o le lotoifale:`` Disisorganization o fausaga i totonu o le disks. Vaʻai i femalagaiga i fafo

I totonu:Vaʻai avanoa avanoa.

Intervertebral chondrosis:Se vaʻai i le intervertebral osteochondrosis.

Intervertebral disc:Vaʻai tisiketi.

Intervertebral avanoa avanoa:Vaʻai avanoa avanoa.

Intervertebral osteochondrosis: degenerative gaioiga o le tisiki ma vertebral tino pito i tua papatusi o loʻo faʻailoa mai e le vateatea avanoa, lagona gaogao, ma le tino vertebral suia tali atu. Upu uiga: osteochondrosis (le faʻatusatusa).

Faʻasalaga e le masani ai:Fetuunaiga o totonugalemu, tele nukila, tino i se sili atu peripheral nofoaga i totonu o le avanoa disk, masani i totonu o se vavae i le faʻamamaina. Upu uiga tutusa: (le faʻatusatusaina) feusuaʻi faʻamafanafanaina, feusuaʻiga i totonu. Faʻaaliga: intraannular fesuiaʻiga e eseʻese mai disc herniation, o lona uiga, herniation o disk e faʻasino i le fesuiaʻiga o tisiki tisiki i talaatu o le disc space. Intraannular displaced o se ituaiga o faʻalavelave i totonu. A faʻasino i intraannular suiga, e sili le aua le faʻaogaina o le faaupuga `` tupuʻaga '' e aloese ai mai le le mautonu ma disc herniation.

Laʻau faʻapitoa (e le masani ai):Se vaʻavaʻaia i totonu o le fale.

Faʻalavelave faʻafuaseʻi (e le masani ai):Se vaʻavaʻaia i totonu o le fale.

Laʻau faʻamalosi faʻamalosi: disc mea na ulu i totonu o le dura ina ia taoto i se intradural extramedullary nofoaga.

Faʻaogaina o le faʻasalalaʻau:- o se disc displaced lea o se vaega o le disc poloketi e ala i le vertebral pito ipu i le ogatotonu o le vertebral tino. Upu uiga tutusa: Schmorl node

Taimi vave:―O le vaega lena o le sone i lalo ifo o loʻo faʻatalata i le ogatotonu ole laina ole laina. E faʻasino i le vaega atoa o le cephalad-caudad o loʻo i ai i le ogatotonu o le vailaʻau, le mea e tutusa ai le numera o le ponaivi o le lumbar nerve e femalagaaʻi faʻafuaseʻi a o le i faʻaaluina le aʻa aʻa aʻa i lalo o le laupepa o le uila. E le faʻasino i le neʻa aʻa lava ia. Vaai foi subarticular sone.

Faʻasologa o le sami (le faʻatusatusa): vaʻai foraminal sone.

Lafoaʻi o le disc (le faʻatusatusa): vaʻai faʻamatalaga fesoʻotaʻi.

Limete vertebra:Vavaeesega o se vaega o vertebral mama apophysis. Faʻaaliga: limbus vertebra ono avea o se atinaʻe le faʻaleagaina mafua mai i le le mafai o le tuʻufaʻatasia o le ossifying apophysis i le vertebral tino; o se herniation masani (extrusion) o le disc i totonu o le vertebral tino i le soʻoga o le fusing apophyseal mama, ma le tuuʻeseʻeseina o se vaega o le mama ma ponaiʻa fesuiaʻi; poʻo se gagau ala i le apophyseal mama fesoʻotaʻi ma intrabody tisiketi herniation. Lenei tupu i tamaiti i luma o le apophyseal mama fuses i le vertebral tino. I tagata matutua, o le limbus vertebra e le tatau ona fenumiai ma se matuia malepe. O le limbus vertebra e le faʻapea na i ai se manuʻa i le disc poʻo le tuaoi apophyseal end plate.

Faʻaoga o le osteophyte: osteophyte e sosolo mai ma tala atu o le pito i fafo o le pito i tua o le pito o le vertebral apophysis.

Suiga o le muti (o le vetebral body):Vaʻai Faavasega faʻavasega.

Faʻatinoina o le CD, femalagaaʻiga (n), alu ese (v)

• 1.Liliaina o le pulou lea e aveeseina ai se vaega o le mea e faʻaaogaina ile mea faʻapipiʻi ese mai le fusi i totonu o le pito i fafo o le mea lea na faʻalauteleina ai i totonu o le taʻavale po o le vaalele.
• 2 (Nonstandard) O se fatuga faʻasolosolo i se fasi pepa saoloto poʻo le sequestra i tua atu o le laʻasaga o le disasi.

Faʻaaliga: o le femalagaaiga e faasino i le tulaga o le mea e faʻaaogaina ile mea na faʻaaogaina, nai lo lona faʻaauau pea i le tisi fatu i totonu o le fatuga o le tupuaga; o le mea lea, e le tutusa ma le vavae ese.

Faʻavasegaga faʻapitoa (ituaiga I, II, ma le III)�[30]: a classification of degenerative changes involving the vertebral end plates and adjacent vertebral bodies associated with disc inflammation and degenerative disc disease, as seen on MRIs. Type I refers to decreased signal intensity on T1-weighted spin echo images and increased signal intensity on T2-weighted images, representing penetration of the end plate by fibrovascular tissue, inflammatory changes, and perhaps edema. Type I changes may be chronic or acute. Type II refers to increased signal intensity on T1-weighted images and isointense or increased signal intensity on T2-weighted images, indicating replacement of normal bone marrow by fat. Type III refers to decreased signal intensity on both T1-and T2-weighted images, indicating reactive osteosclerosis (See: discogenic vertebral sclerosis).

Vaega o le Motion:- le vaega aoga o le tuasivi. Vaʻai tulaga tisiki.

Osteophyte e le faʻaleagaina: se osteophyte e tupu i nofoaga e ese mai i le vertebral end plate apophysis. Vaʻai: faʻafitauli osteophyte.

Faigā masani:- o se atoa ma masani ona atiae disc e aunoa ma ni suiga mafua mai i afaina, faʻamaʻi, faʻaletonu, poʻo le matua. Faʻaaliga: tele fanau mai ma atinaʻe fesuiaʻiga ono masani falemaʻi; o lona uiga, latou te le o fesoʻotaʻi ma faʻailoga, ma nisi fetuʻutuʻunaʻi suiga i le disk atonu o le a masani ai pe a mafaufau lata ane faʻamaʻi; ae ui i lea, faʻavasegaina ma lipoti mo togafitiga faʻamoemoe e sili ona tautua pe a fai o ia discs e le manatu masani. Manatua, peitaʻi, o se mauaina saiketi manatu le masani ai e le o lona uiga o se mafuaʻaga mo falemaʻi faʻailoga poʻo symtomatology; o le faʻamatalaga o soʻo se fesuiaʻiga o le disc e tutoʻatasi mai faʻamasinoga faʻapitoa e uiga i le mea masani mo se tagata tuʻuina mai.

Nofoaga o le amataga (e leʻi faʻaaogaina): le ogatotonu, vaega faʻanatinati o le disk o faʻasino, masani ona faʻaaoga e faʻasino ai le disk mai le mea na aveʻesea ai le tino. Faʻaaliga: talu ai o vaega ua aveʻesea i latou e masani ona i ai isi mea e ese mai i le fatu, o le mea na tupu mai ai e sili atu i le fatu o le amataga. Upu uiga tutusa: disc of origin (prefer), matua nucleus (nonpreferred).

Osteochondrosis:Se vaʻai i le intervertebral osteochondrosis.

Osteophyte:Hyperfocal hypertrophy o le ponaivi luga ma / poʻo le ossification o le vaivai meaʻai faʻapipiʻi i le ponaivi.

Faʻaʻauʻau:I le itu taumatau poʻo le agavale o le sone vertebral. Vaʻai le sone tutotonu. Faʻaaliga: o faaupuga `` taumatau ogatotonu '' poʻo '' agavale agavale '' e sili pe a talanoa i se nofoaga e tasi pe a mafai ona faʻamaonia le itu, pei o le lipotia o faʻamatalaga o atavai faʻataʻatiaga. Paracentral talafeagai pe a fai e le taua le itu poʻo pe a talanoa i nofoaga fefiloi.

Matua matua (le faʻaaogaina): vaʻai faʻamatalaga o le amataga.

Matua matua (le faʻaaogaina): vaʻai i le amataga o le amataga, disk o le amataga.

Tulaga faʻapitoa Pedicular:'O le avanoa i le va o vaʻalele axial e ala i le pito i luga ma lalo pito o le uila. Faʻaaliga: o le tulaga faʻapitoa e mafai ona faʻatuina filifilia ma faʻasino i le disk o loʻo fesiligia o le "tulaga faʻapitoa i luga atu" poʻo le "tulaga faʻapitoa i lalo atu" o le disk o loʻo fesiligia.

Faʻasalaga (e le masani ai):Vaʻai i faaliliuga.

Paʻu faʻalanoa:- o se membrane laʻitiiti, translucent e pipii i le pito i lalo o le loloto vaega o le posterior longitudinal ligament, ma faʻalautele mulimuli ane ma posteriorly, siomia le ponaivi ponaivi alavai i fafo atu o le dura. O alatoto o Batson plexus o loʻo taʻoto luga o le pito i lalo o le membrane peridural ma tuia i lona tulaga masani. Upu uiga tutusa: membrane pito i luma, membrane epidural.

Pfirrmann faʻavasegaga:- o le faʻavasegaina o le faʻavasegaina mo le ogaoga o suiga faʻaletonu i totonu o le ogatotonu o le intervertebral disk. O le Pfirrmann Vasega I disc o loʻo iai se faʻailo maualuga maualuga i le vaega o loʻo i luga o le T2-weighted MRI; Vasega II faʻaalia se laina faʻatapulaʻa laina o maualalo faʻailo malosi luga o sagittal ata; Vasega III faʻaalia maualuga malosi i le ogatotonu vaega o le kulimi ma maualalo maualalo malosi i le peripheral itulagi o le nucleus; Vasega IV faʻaalia maualalo faailo malosi ogatotonu ma blurring o le eseʻesega i le va o nucleus ma annulus; ma Vasega V faʻaalia homogeneous maualalo faʻailo ma leai se eseʻesega i le va nucleus ma annulus. [61]

Faʻatūina le disasi, faʻaola (n, v)(le faʻatusatusaina): o le upu e faʻaaoga eseese e faʻasino i herniated discs. O lona faʻaaogaina e le faʻatusatusaina ma o le upu e le faʻaopopoina i le saʻo o le disc faʻamatalaga, o lea e manatu ai e le o se tulaga faʻatusatusa i le faʻaaloalo i le `` prototrusion '' poʻo le `` extrusion. ''

Vailaʻau faʻataʻitaʻi, faʻasolosolo (n), faʻamalosi (v):1. O se tasi o le lua subcategories o le a `` herniated disc (o le isi o le '' extrtruded disc ) lea e sosolo tisiki i tala atu o le laina o le avanoa avanoa, e aofia ai le itiiti ifo i le 25% o le liʻo o le disc margin pei ona vaʻaia i le vaʻalele. O le faʻataʻitaʻiga ole protrusion e tatau ona faʻamamaina (lalo o le 25% o le liʻo o le disc) faʻamavaeina o tisiki tisiki ma le mamao ile va ole faʻatatauina o itu na aveʻesea le vaega e le tatau ona sili atu ile mamao ile va ole pito ole base. o mea na aveeseina disk i le avanoa avanoa o le amataga (Vaʻaia le faʻavae o le 'aveʻesea disk). E ui o nisi taimi e faʻaaoga ai o se faaupuga lautele i le auala o loʻo faʻamatalaina ai le herniation, o le faʻaaogaina o le faaupuga `` faʻauiga '' e sili ona faʻaagaga mo le faʻavasegaga o le faʻafitauli o loʻo taua i luga. 2. (le faʻatusatusaina) Soʻo se tasi pe le faʻamaonia ituaiga o disk herniation.

Vilivae matala:Rup faʻalavelaveina o filo annular e faʻalautele mai i le tumutumu i fafo agai atu i le itu o le faʻamauga, e masani lava i le craniad-caudad (faʻatutu) vaʻalele, e ui lava, i taimi, ma axial faʻalautele (faʻasolosolo) vaega. Fissure o le vaitaimi e sili ona lelei i le vaitaimi le talafeagai sear.```` E leai se faaupuga faʻauigaina le iloa o le manuʻa poʻo isi amio masani. Faʻaliga: I nisi taimi, e faʻalautele ai le vaelua i totonu ole felaʻau e tuʻu iai le avulsion o isi pito i fafo ole faʻamamaina mai le mama apophyseal. Vaʻai faʻasalaga concentric, felavasaʻo felavasaʻi.

Rim leion (e le o talatala): Vaʻai le limbo vertebra.

Faʻasalaga o le faalēaogāina, faalēaogā faʻamavae:`` Vaʻai lapisi taʻitasi.

Vaevaeina le fatu, malepelepe(le faʻatusatusaina): o se herniated tisiki. O le faaupuga `` faʻalavelave faʻafuaseʻi '' o se le tutusa uiga tutusa mo herniated disc, aua le faʻaletonu ma le vevesi faʻamalosi o le faʻamaʻaiga e fesoʻotaʻi ma manuʻa. O lona faʻaaogaina e tatau ona taofia.

Schmorl node:'Vaʻai i le vaʻaiga valevaleva.

Sequestrated disk, sequestration (n), vavaeina (v); (fesuisuiai: faila faʻamau):- o se disc extruded lea o se vaega o le disc tino ua aveʻesea i tala atu o le fafo annulus ma e leai se fesoʻotaʻiga i tisiki pepa ma le disc o amataga. Faʻaaliga: o se extruded tisiki mafai ona subcategorized pei `` mulimuli ane faʻatatau '' pe afai e leai se tisaini aano o le tino fesoʻotaʻi le aveeseina vaega ma aʻa o le disc o amataga. Afai e oʻo lava i se fesoʻotaʻiga le tumau e ala i pepa solo o loʻo tumau pea i le va o se vaega ua aveʻesea ma le disc o le amataga, e le faʻasolo ona faʻasolo le disk. Afai o se sitaili faʻafuaseʻi leai se fesoʻotaʻiga ma le disc o le amataga, ae o loʻo aofia ai i totonu o le peridural membrane poʻo lalo o se vaega o le posterior longitudinal ligament e le o vavalalata vavalalata ma le faʻamavaeina o le amataga, o le disk e manatu faʻasolosolo. Sequestrated ma faʻasolosolo e faʻaaogaina faʻafesuiaʻi. Faʻaaliga: faʻamatalaga mulimuli '' ma le `` leai se fasi '' e toeititi lava uiga tutusa. Vaʻai: fasi fua. A faʻasino i le tulaga o le disk, faʻavasegaina pei extruded ma subcategorization pei faʻasolosolo e sili, ae a faʻasino faʻapitoa lava i le fasi, fua saoloto e sili. Vaʻai faʻasologa.

Sequestrum (e le i filifilia): faʻafesoʻotaʻi i tisiki tisiki na aveʻesea mai le disc avanoa o amataga ma leai se faʻaauauina ma disc mea i totonu o le disc avanoa o amataga. Upu uiga tutusa: saoloto vaega (sili) Vaʻai faʻasolosolo tisiki. Faʻaaliga: estestrum (nonpreferred) e faʻatatau i le tuʻufaʻatasiga o vaega na maua fua, ae o le faʻasologa faʻapitoa e faʻamatalaina le tulaga o le disk.

Spondylitis:Disease faʻamaʻi namu o le ivitū, e ese mai i faʻamaʻi leaga. Faʻaaliga: spondylitis masani lava ona faʻasino i noninfectious spondyloarthropathies faʻafefeteina.

Spondylosis: 1. Taʻitaʻiga le masani masani faʻaaogaina e faʻamatala ai aʻafiaga e masani ona faʻatatau i le faʻaleagaina o suiga i le tuasivi, aemaise lava i latou e aofia ai hypertrophic suiga i le apophyseal iuga papatusi ma soʻoga zygapophyseal. 2. (Le faʻatusatusaina) Spondylosis deformans, lea o le spondylosis o se faʻapuʻupuʻu fomu.

Spformylosis deformans: degenerative gaioiga o le tuasivi aofia ai le annulus fibrosus ma vertebral tino apophysis, faʻaalia e anterior ma lateral marginal osteophytes tulaʻi mai le vertebral tino apophyses, ae o le intervertebral disc maualuga e masani pe na o sina paʻu. Vaʻai faʻaleagaina, spondylosis.

Vaega faʻapitoa:- o le sone, i totonu o le vertebral canal, sagittally i le va o le vaʻalele o pito ogatotonu o le uila ma le vaalele o le ogatotonu pito o foliga ma coronally i le va o vaalele o le pito i luga o luga o le tino tino ma luga muamua o le sili atu foliga Faʻaaliga: o le subarticular sone le mafai ona faʻamaoti faʻamalamalamaina i le lua-itu faʻaaliga ata ona o fausaga e faʻamatalaina vaʻalele o le sone e le masani ai. O le malologa i le itu o le itu laʻau o loʻo faʻamatalaina e le puipui ogatotonu o le vae, o le mea lava e tasi o aʻa aʻa na faʻasolosolo aʻo leʻi liliu i lalo o le puipui maualalo o le vaega i totonu o le va.

Subligamentous:I lalo ifo o le ligament longitudinal posterior. Faʻaaliga: e ui lava o le 'eseʻesega i le va o fafo atu o le faʻaaunuʻu ma le posterior longitudinal ligament atonu e le o taimi uma e iloagofie ai, subligamentous o lona uiga e ese mai subannular pe a mafai ona faia le faʻaeseesega. A le mafai ona faia le faʻaeseesega, e tatau ona faʻaaoga tele. Subligamentous eseʻesega i extraligamentous, transligamentous, pe perforated. Vaʻai extraligamentous, transligamentous.

Faʻaaliga: faʻamoeina i totonu o le peridural membrane. Faʻaaliga: ma le faʻatatau i mea na aveeseina o le disc, o le faʻailogaina o le herniation e pei o le loloto o le mea e masani ai o le vaega na aveʻesea o loʻo aveʻesea i tua atu o le annulus ma le posterior longitudinal ligament, ma e naʻo le peridural membrane na te teuina.

Tulaga maualuga:- le tulaga i totonu o le vertebral canal i le va o vaʻalele axial o le maualuga pito o le ipu o le vertebra caudad i le disc space o loʻo fesiligia ma le maualuga margin o le pedicle o lena vertebra. Upu uiga tutusa: maualalo vertebral notch.

Syndesmophytes:―Thin and oriented oriented bony outgrowths extending from one vertebral body to the next and represent ossification i totonu o le pito i fafo o le annulus fibrosus.

Taʻaloga o faʻamalologa, faʻasolosolo solo (le faʻatusatusa): vaʻaia le loimata loimata.

Vavaega Thompson:- o le lima togi togi fua o le degenerative suiga i le tagata intervertebral disc, mai le 0 (masani) i le 5 (ogaoga degeneration), faʻavae i luga o le matua pathologic morphology o midsagittal vaega o le lumbar tuasivi.

Osteophytes o le traction:Outtupu totoga tupu mai le vertebral tino apophysis, 2 i le 3 mm luga poʻo lalo o le pito o le intervertebral disc, gaioiga i se tafatafa itu.

Suiga:Disdisment, masani ona aveese, o disc mea e ala i le posterior longitudinal ligament. Upu uiga: (le faʻatusatusa) (faʻafaʻavae). Vaai foi extraligamentous, transmembranous.

Faʻamatalaga:Disdisment of extruded disc material e ala i le peridural membrane.

Faasee ese le fusi:faʻamavaega o le faʻaleaogaina i le axial (faalava) vaʻalele. Pe a faʻatatau i se lapoʻa tele i le vaʻalele, o le faaupuga e tutusa ma le vavalalata faʻasolosolo felavasaʻi. E masani ona faʻasolo ile faʻamavaega 'eseʻesega ile faʻatapulaʻaina ole vavaeʻesega ole fibre annular e aofia ai faʻapipiʻi ile apophysis. O nei sili atu vaiti faʻamatalaina peripheral fissures ono aofia ai kesi vaʻaia luga o leitio poʻo ata CT ma ono avea ma sui vave faʻaalia o spondylosis deformans. Vaʻai annular fissure, concentric fissure, radial fissure.

Lē faʻaaogāina le disc:Disdisaced disc mea e le o iai i le pito i fafo o le annulus ma / poo le posterior longitudinal ligament. Vaʻai talanoaga i lalo o le disc.

Vailaau avanoa:- o se disk ma ni ata e maua ai uiga o le kesi (e tele naua le nitrogen) i totonu o le avanoa avanoa, e masani ona faʻaalia mai ai le faʻaleagaina o le disk.

Vertebral body corrow changes:Faʻataʻitaʻiga o suiga o le tino vertebral tino e fesoʻotaʻi ma le fulafula o le disk ma le paʻu o le disk, e pei ona vaaia i le MRI. Vaʻai faʻavasega faʻavasega.

Vertebral notch (fai ifo):Incincura o le pito i luga o le vae e fetaui i le pito i lalo o le vaʻa (suprapedicular tulaga).

Vertebral notch (maualuga): incisura o le pito i lalo o le vae e fetaui i le pito i luga o le vaʻa (infrapedicular level).

Faaopoopoga Faaopoopoga

faʻaopoopoga

A herniated disc most commonly develops as a result of age-related wear and tear or degeneration on the spine. In children and young adults, the intervertebral discs have a much higher water content. As we age, however, the water content of the intervertebral discs decreases and these begin to shrink while the spaces between the vertebra gets narrower, ultimately turning less flexible and becoming more prone to disc herniation. Proper diagnosis and treatment are essential to avoid further symptoms of low back pain. The scope of our information is limited to chiropractic as well as to spinal injuries and conditions. To discuss the subject matter, please feel free to ask Dr. Jimenez or contact us at�915-850-0900 .

Faʻailoina e Dr. Alex Jimenez

mau faasino

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Aʻoaʻoga Faʻaopoopo: Faʻasolosolo Faʻasalaga

Paʻu tuaO se tasi o mafuaʻaga sili ona taatele o le le atoatoa ma aso misia i le galuega i le lalolagi atoa. Tua i tua tiga uiga i le lona lua sili ona taatele mafuaʻaga o fomaʻi ofisa asiasiga, toatele naʻo i luga-respiratory faʻamaʻi. E tusa ma le 80 pasene o le faitau aofai o le a tofo i tua tiga a itiiti mai tasi i le taimi o latou olaga. O le tuasivi o se fausaga faigata fausiaina o ponaivi, sooga, ligament, ma maso, faʻatasi ai ma isi mea vaivai. Ona o lea, manuʻa ma / pe faʻatupuina tulaga, pei osiaki faʻasolosolo, e mafai ona oʻo atu ai i faʻamaoniga o le tigā mulimuli. O manuʻa o le taʻavale poʻo faʻalavelave faʻafuaseʻi faʻafuaseʻi faʻafuaseʻi o manuʻa e tele lava ina mafua ona o tiga i tua, ae ui i lea, o nisi taimi o le faigofie o gaioiga e mafai ona i ai ni taunuuga tiga. O le mea e lelei ai, o isi togafitiga togafitiga, e pei o le togafitiga o le chiropractic, e mafai ona fesoasoani e faʻafilemu ai le tiga e ala i le faʻaaogaina o fetuunaiga o le ogatotonu ma le faʻaaogaina o le tusi lesona, faʻamalosia ai le faʻamalosi o le tiga.

TATAU FAATINO TUSI: Sciatica Pain Chiropractic Treatment