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O le atuatuvale o se tasi lea o faafitauli sili ona taatele o le soifua maloloina faalemafaufau i le Iunaite Setete. O suʻesuʻega o loʻo i ai i le taimi nei o loʻo taʻu mai ai o le atuatuvale e mafua mai i le tuufaatasiga o vaega o gataifale, mea ola, mea e ola ai, ma le mafaufau. O le atuatuvale o se maʻi tele o le psychiatric i le lalolagi atoa ma se tulaga ogaoga o le tamaoaiga ma le mafaufau i luga o sosaiete. O le mea e lelei ai, o le atuatuvale, e oo lava i mataupu ogaoga, e mafai ona togafitia. O le taimi muamua e amata ai togafitiga, o le sili atu ona lelei.

 

O se taunuuga, e ui i lea, o loʻo i ai se manaʻoga mo ni tagata olaolaola malosi o le a fesoasoani i le faaleleia atili o suʻesuʻega ina ia faʻavaveina ai le fualaau o fualaau faasaina ma / poʻo vailaau mo suʻesuʻega mo tagata taʻitasi maʻi ile maʻi. O faʻamaumauga faʻapitoa o le physiological e mafai ona faʻaaogaina e faʻataʻitaʻi ai le avanoa o le amataina poʻo le iai o le atuatuvale, faʻamalosi e tusa ai ma le mamafa poʻo le faʻamaoniga, faʻamaonia le vaʻaia ma le faʻataʻitaʻiina poʻo le mataʻituina o tali i faʻasologa o togafiti. O le faʻamoemoega o le tusiga o loʻo mulimuli mai o le faʻaalia lea o manatu lata mai, luitau o loʻo iai ma faʻamoemoega i le lumanaʻi e uiga i le mauaina o le tele o tagata e olaola mo le atuatuvale ma pe faʻapefea ona fesoasoani nei mea e faaleleia ai le siakiina ma togafitiga.

 

Biomarkers for Depression: Manatu lata mai, Luitau o Lenei ma Tulaga o le Lumanaʻi

 

lē faʻatino

 

O le tele o suʻesuʻega ua aʻafia ai le fiaselau o le biomarkers sapalai mo le atuatuvale, ae leʻi faʻamalosia atoa a latou matafaioi i maʻi le mautonu poʻo le faʻamautuina o mea e le masani ai o tagata gasegase ma pe faʻapefea ona faʻaogaina faʻamatalaga faʻalauiloa e faʻaleleia atili ai togafitiga, togafitiga ma faʻataʻitaʻiga. O lenei le lava o le alualu i luma e mafua mai ona o le natura ma le eseesega o le atuatuvale, faatasi ai ma le iloga o le tulaga i totonu o suesuega ma le toatele o tagata e ola i le eleele, ma o le tele o mea e masani ona eseese e tusa ai ma le tele o mea. Matou te iloiloina ia tusi o loʻo maua, o loʻo faʻamaonia ai o faailoga e aofia i mea e le afaina, faʻaogaina ma le gataifale, faʻapea foʻi ma vaega o le neurotransmitter ma neuroendocrine, e fai ma sui o le aufaʻatuatua. O nei mea e mafai ona fuaina e ala i genetic and epigenetic, transcriptomic ma proteomic, metabolomic ma suʻesuʻega o le neuroima. O le faʻaaogaina o auala faʻataʻitaʻi ma polokalame faʻaleaʻosiʻiliga o suʻesuʻega ua manaʻomia nei e fuafua pe, ma e mafai ona faʻaogaina tagata e faʻataʻitaʻi le tali atu i togafitiga, faʻamalosi tagata gasegase i togafitiga faʻapitoa ma atiaʻe faʻataʻitaʻiga mo faʻalavelave fou. Matou te faaiʻu atu e tele folafolaga mo le faʻaitiitia o le mamafa o le atuatuvale e ala i le faʻalauteleina ma faʻalauteleina nei auala suʻesuʻega.

 

uputatala: o le le atoatoa o le mafaufau, o le tino le atoatoa o le maʻi, afaina, tali togafitiga, togafiti, togafitiga patino

 

faʻatomuaga

 

Luitau i le Soifua Maloloina o le Mafaufau ma le Loto o le Mafaufau

 

E ui lava o le mafaufau o loʻo i ai se faʻamaʻi e sili atu nai lo se isi ituaiga o togafitiga faafomaʻi, 1 o le vavalalata o le faʻaaloalo i le va o le soifua maloloina faaletino ma le mafaufau i le tele o vaega e aofia ai le sailiga sailiiliga2 ma le lomiga .3 I le faigata o le mafaufau o le le lava o le maliliega faʻatalanoaina, faʻavasegaga ma togafitiga e mafua mai i le le atoatoa o le malamalamaaga o auala e mafua ai nei faaletonu. O lenei mea e matua manino lava i le faaletonu o le mafaufau, o le vaega lea e aofia ai le avega pito sili ona mamafa i le soifua maloloina o le mafaufau. 3 O le masani o le le atoatoa o le tino, o le faʻafitauli tele o le atuatuvale (MDD), o se maʻi faʻalavelave tele lea e oʻo i le 60% o nisi o tulaga o togafitiga togafitiga e faʻaʻumiʻumi ma faʻalavelave ai tulaga .4 Mo faʻafitauli o le mafaufau, ma i le lautele lautele o le soifua maloloina o le mafaufau, o le a mafai ona faʻaleleia taunuuga o togafitiga e ala i le mauaina o le malosi ma le sologa lelei i totonu (ma le isi itu) vasega o faʻamaʻi, o togafitiga mafai ona faʻamaonia. I le amanaiaina o lenei mea, o loʻo faʻagasolo nei taumafaiga faʻavaomalo e faʻataʻitaʻi ai le galuega o loʻo i lalo, e pei o le suʻesuʻega o le fanua suʻesuʻe .5 Ua tuʻuina atu o faailoga o meaola e avea ma tagata e faamuamua le taua mo le suia o mafaufauga faaletonu.6

 

Faʻaleleia le tali atu i togafitiga mo le atuatuvale

 

E ui i le tele o togafitiga mo togafitiga ogaoga, ae na o le tolu vae tolu o tagata gasegase ma le UN e maua ai le faamagaloga e tusa lava pe maua le togafitiga sili ona lelei e tusa ai ma taʻiala autasi ma le faʻaaogaina o fuataga, ma o le a foliga mai e pau le tali o togafitiga ma togafitiga fou .7 Faʻaopoopo atu, o le faʻafitauli o le togafitiga (TRD) e fesoʻotaʻi ma le faʻaititia o le faaletonu o galuega, ola faʻaletino, faʻamaʻi ma faifai pea poʻo taimi faʻasolosolo i le umi .8,9 O le mea lea, o le mauaina o faʻalelei i togafitiga faʻapitoa i soʻo se clinical stage o le a mafai ona maua ai le wider benefits for overall outcomes i le atuatuvale. E ui lava i le tele o avega na mafua mai i le TRD, o suʻesuʻega i lenei vaega ua vaeluaina. Faʻamatalaga o le TRD e le faʻasalaina, e ui lava i taumafaiga na muamua: 4 nisi o tulaga manaomia e na o le tasi le faʻataʻitaʻiga e le mafai ai ona ausia le 50% score score (mai se faʻamaoniga o le malosi o le atuatuvale), ae o isi e manaʻomia le leai o se faʻamagaloga atoatoa poʻo le le tali atu i le itiiti ifo ma le lua ni faʻamalosi puipuia o vasega eseese i totonu o se mea e tatau ona mafaufau i ai TRD.4,10 E le gata i lea, o le faʻatulagaina ma le taumateina o le togafiti o togafitiga ua faʻaleleia atili e ala i le faʻaopopoina o foliga autu o le ogaoga ma le tumau i le numera o togafitiga ua le manuia.9,11 Ae ui i lea, o lenei feteenaiga i le faʻamatalaina o loʻo faʻamatalaina ai faʻamatalaga suʻesuʻega i le TRD o se galuega sili atu ona faigata.

 

Ina ia faʻaleleia le tali i togafitiga, e manino le fesoasoani i le faailoaina o tulaga lamatia o le leai o tali. O nisi o vailaau lautele o le TRD ua faʻamalamalamaina, e aofia ai le leai o se faʻamagaloga atoa pe a maeʻa faʻamatalaga muamua, faʻalavelave popole, suicidality ma vave faʻafuaseʻi o le atuatuvale, faʻapitoa ma uiga (aemaise lava le maualalo o le faʻamalosi, le maualalo o le faʻamanuiaga ma le maualuga o le neuroticism) ma aʻafiaga o gen.12 O nei suʻesuʻega ua faʻamalosia e ala i le iloiloina o le faʻasoa faʻamaonia o faʻamaoniga eseese mo togafitiga faʻapitoa a le SNNUMX ma le psychological13 mo le atuatuvale. O vailaʻau faʻamaʻi ma togafitiga faʻamaʻi-amio e faʻaalia ai le tutusa o le malosi, 14 ae ona o le eseese o latou faiga o gaioiga atonu o le a ono iai ni tagata vavalalata eseese o tali. E ui na umi le fesoʻotaʻi o le gasegase o le olaga ma faʻafitauli o le soifua maloloina ma faʻaitiitia tali i togafitiga, o faʻamatalaga vave o le 15 o loʻo fautua mai ai o tagata e iai se talafaasolopito o le tamaititi e ono tali atu i le mafaufau nai lo togafitiga o pharmacologic.16 E ui lava i lea, e le mautonu le tamaititi ma le faʻataunuʻuina. o le togafitiga o togafitiga ua oʻo i le faiga faʻapitoa masani .17

 

O lenei iloiloga e taulaʻi i luga o faʻamaoniga e lagolagoina ai le faʻaogaina o tagata e ola ai meaola e pei o mea aoga aoga e faʻaleleia ai le togafitiga mo le faʻalavelave.

 

Biomarkers: Systems ma Punaoa

 

E mafai e le tagata faʻamaonia ona tuʻuina atu se mea e mafai ona ausia mo le faʻamalamalamaina o tagata e vaʻaia le tali atu i faʻalavelave eseese.19 O le faʻamaoniga i le aso e taʻu mai ai o faailoga e atagia ai le gaioiga o le inflammatory, neurotransmitter, neurotrophic, neuroendocrine ma metabolic systems e mafai ona vavalo i taunuuga o le soifua maloloina o mafaufau ma faaletino , ae e tele le le tutusa i le va o sailiiliga.20 I lenei iloiloga, matou te taulai atu i nei faiga faʻalauiloa e lima.

 

Ina ia mauaina se malamalamaaga atoa i molelaʻau ala ma a latou saofaga i faʻafitauli o le mafaufau, o lea ua manatu ai nei e taua le iloiloina o le tele o meaola o le biologic, i le mea e taʻutaʻu tele lava i ai o le ``omics '' .21 Ata 1 o loʻo iai se faʻaaliga o le eseʻese biologic tulaga e mafai ai ona iloiloina taʻitasi faiga e lima, ma ono maua ai faʻailoga e mafai ai ona suʻesuʻeina nei iloiloga. Ae peitaʻi, e ui lava e mafai ona asiasia matagaluega taʻitasi i vaega uma o le omics, ae o le mea sili na maua mai i le fuaina e manino le eseesega i vaega taʻitasi. Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, neuroimaging aiaia ai se tulaga mo iloiloga le tuʻusaʻo o faiʻai poʻo gaioiga, ae o suʻesuʻega polotini i le toto faʻatonutonu saʻo markers. Transcriptomics22 ma metabolomics23 ua faʻateleina lauiloa, ofaina suʻesuʻega o ono tele numera, ma le Human Microbiome Project o loʻo taumafai nei e faʻailoa uma microorganisms ma a latou genes i totonu o tagata.24 Novel tekonolosi o loʻo faʻaleleia lo tatou agavaʻa e fuaina ai ia mea, e aofia ai ala faʻaopopo. ; mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, o homone e pei o le cortisol e mafai nei ona suʻesuʻeina i lauulu poʻo atigilima (faʻaavanoaina o se faʻailoga masani) poʻo le afu (faʻaavanoaina o se fuataga faifai pea), 25 faʻapea foʻi ma le toto, cerebrospinal suavai, mimi ma faua.

 

Ata 1 Faʻapitoa Biomarkers mo Paʻu Faʻanoanoa

 

Talu ai le numera o tuʻufaʻatasiga o faʻavae, tulaga ma faʻatonuga e aʻafia i le faʻanoanoaga, e le o se mea e ofo ai le lautele o le biomarkers ma faʻaliliuga gafatia e tele. Ae maise lava, pe a mafaufauina fegalegaleaiga i le va o faʻailoga e mafaufauina, e ono le ono avea o le suʻesuʻeina o ni biomarkers toʻatasi o le a maua ai ni fua aoga mo le faʻaleleia o le falemaʻi faʻataʻitaʻi. Schmidt et al26 fuafuaina le faʻaogaina o biomarker panels ma, mulimuli ane ai, Brand et al27 faʻataʻotoina se ata faʻavae faʻavae i luga o muamua falemaʻi ma muai faʻamaoniga molimau mo MDD, faʻailoa 16 "malosiʻaga biomarker sini, o ia mea uma e seasea o se tasi faʻailoga. E aofia ai le faʻaititia o le efuefu o le voluma (i le hippocampal, prefrontal cortex ma basal ganglia vaega), suiga o le taʻamilosaga o le circadian, hypercortisolism ma isi faʻamatalaga o le hypothalamic`pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis hyperactivation, thyroid disfunction, faʻaititia le dopamine, noradrenaline poʻo le 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid , faʻateleina le glutamate, faʻateleina le superoxide dismutase ma le lipid peroxidation, faʻamalosia le cyclic adenosine 3?, 5? -monophosphate ma le mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway gaoioiga, faʻateleina cyinfines proinflamlam, suiga i le tryptophan, kynurenine, inisalini ma faʻapitoa manaʻomia polymorphisms. O nei faʻailoga e leʻi malie i ai le maliega autasi ma mafai ona fuaina i auala eseese; e manino lava o le taulaʻi ma faʻatulagaina galuega tatau ona talanoaina lenei tele galuega ina ia mafai ai ona faʻamaonia o latou falemaʻi penefiti.

 

Manatu o lenei Iloiloga

 

E pei o se iloiloga lautele iloiloga, o lenei tusiga o loʻo taumafai e fuafua le aofaʻi o manaʻoga mo suʻesuʻega biomarker i le atuatuvale ma le lautele e mafai ona maua ai e le au biomarkers le mafai faaliliu moni mo le faʻaleleia o tali i togafitiga. Tatou amata i le talanoaina o mea sili ona taua ma sili ona taua i lenei vaega ma faatonu le tagata faitau i nisi iloiloga faapitoa e faatatau i faailoga talafeagai ma faatusatusaga. Matou te faʻamalamalamaina luitau o loʻo feagai nei i le malamalama o le faʻamaoniga, faʻatasi ai ma manaoga mo le faʻaitiitia o le avega o le atuatuvale. Ma le mea mulimuli, matou te tulimatai i luma i auala taua suʻesuʻe mo le feagai ai ma luitau o loʻo i ai nei ma o latou aʻafiaga mo togafitiga faʻapitoa.

 

Faʻamatalaga lata mai nei

 

O le sailiga mo tagata olaolaola olaola aoga mo tagata ua i ai le atuatuvale ua latou faia ni suʻesuʻega tele i le afa seneturi mulimuli. O togafitiga sili ona masani ona faʻaaogaina na mafua mai i le monoamine theory of depression; mulimuli ane, o manatu o le neuroendocrine na maua ai le tele o gauai. I tausaga talu ai nei, o suʻesuʻega aupito sili ona lelei na siomia ai le mafaufau loloto o le atuatuvale. Ae ui i lea, o se numera tele o faʻamatalaga talafeagai talafeagai ua faʻatautaia i vaega uma e lima; tagaʻi i le Numera 1 ma lalo mo se tuufaatasiga o malamalamaaga lata mai i luga o mamanu faʻapitoa. Aʻo fuaina i le tele o vaega, o loʻo maua le tele o faʻamalosi toto e maua mai i le toto ma maua ai se punavai o le biomarker lea e faigofie, taugofie ma e mafai ona latalata atu i le mafai ona faaliliu nai lo isi punaoa; o lea, o auiliiliga auiliili ua tuuina atu i tagata e olaola i totonu o le toto.

 

Lisi 1 Overview i Biomarkers mo le Faʻafitauli

 

I se iloiloga faʻatulagaina talu ai nei, Jani et al20 suʻesuʻe peripheral toto-faʻavae biomarkers mo faʻanoanoaga faʻatasi ma togafitiga iʻuga. E naʻo le 14 suʻesuʻega na aofia ai (suʻeina seʻia oʻo i le amataga o le 2013), e 36 tagata suʻesuʻe biomarkers na suʻesuʻeina, ma e toʻa 12 na muaʻi faʻailoa mai faʻamatalaga o le mafaufau poʻo le tino i le tasi suʻesuʻega. O i latou na faʻaalia e ono avea ma sui o tulaga lamatia mo le le tali atu aofia ai polotini mumusu: maualalo interleukin (IL) -12p70, fua faʻatatau o lymphocyte i le monocyte faitau; neuroendocrine markers (dexamethasone nonsuppression o le cortisol, maualuga faʻasolosolo cortisol, faʻaititia le thyroid-stimulate hormone); neurotransmitter faailoga (maualalo serotonin ma noradrenaline); metabolic (maualalo maualuga-density lipoprotein cholesterol) ma neurotrophic mea (faʻaititia S100 kalisiu-fusifusia polotini B). E le gata i lea, o isi iloiloga ua lipotia lipoti i fegalegaleaiga i le va o isi biomarkers ma togafitiga taunuʻuga.19,28-30 2 O se faʻamatalaga puʻupuʻu o putative markers i tulaga taʻitasi o loʻo otooto atu i vaega mulimuli ane ma i le Laulau XNUMX.

 

Pusa 2 Biomarkers e ono mafai ona faʻaaoga mo le Faʻafitauli

 

Faʻamatalaga inflammatory i le faʻavaivai

 

Talu ai ona o le pepa faʻamaumau a Smith o loʻo faʻamatalaina mai ai le faʻamaoniga o le macrophage, 31 o lenei tusitusiga faʻamaonia na mauaina le faʻateleina o vaega eseese o faʻamaʻi faʻamaʻi i tagata mamaʻi faʻafitauli, lea na iloiloina lautele. 32--37 E sefulu ma le lua fualaʻau faʻamamaina na iloiloina i faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻatusatusa i le faʻanoanoa ma le maloloina. pulea faitau aofai.38 `43

 

O le IL-6 (P <0.001 i faʻataʻitaʻiga uma; 31 suʻesuʻega na aofia ai) ma le CRP (P <0.001; 20 suʻesuʻega) na aliali mai i taimi uma ma faʻamoemoeina maualuga i le faʻanoanoaga. (P <40), 0.001 ae o le tele o le feteʻenaʻi o mea na avea ma tulaga le mautonu ina ua faʻamaonia mo nisi suesuega lata mai (38 suesuega) .31 IL-40? e sili atu le maopoopo fesoʻotaʻi ma faʻanoanoaga, ma meta-auiliiliga fautuaina maualuga maualuga i le faʻanoanoaga (P = 1), 0.03 maualuga tulaga na o Europa aʻoga41 pe leai ni eseʻesega mai pulega.42 E ui lava i lenei, o se tala talu ai nei fautuaina faʻapitoa faʻaliliuga uiga mo IL- 40?, 1 lagolagoina e se sili ona taua aʻafiaga o le maualuga IL-44? ribonucleic acid o loʻo valoʻia mai le leaga le tali atu i antidepressants; 1 isi sailiga i luga atu e faʻatatau i le faʻasalalauina o le toto-maua mai cytokines. O le chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-45 ua faʻaalia ai le maualuga i tagata lotovaivai tagata auai i le tasi meta-analysis.1 Interleukins IL-39, IL-2, IL-4, IL-8 ma interferon gamma sa leʻi matua eseʻese lava i le va o tagata mamaʻi ma faʻatonutonu i le meta-auiliiliga tulaga, ae e ui i lea na faʻaalia gafatia i tulaga o fesuiaʻiga ma togafitiga: IL-10 na lipotia faʻateleina ia i latou ma le ogaoga faʻanoanoaga prospectively ma koluse-vaega, 8 eseʻese mamanu o suiga i le IL-46 ma interferon gamma i taimi o togafitiga na tupu i le va o vave tali atu faʻasaga i tagata le tali atu, 10 aʻo le IL-47 ma le IL-4 ua faʻaititia i le laina ma faʻamagaloga faʻailoga.2 I meta-suʻesuʻega, laʻititi ifo paʻu faʻatasi ma togafitiga na faʻaalia mo le IL-48, IL-6?, IL- 1 ma CRP.10 Faʻaopopo, TNF? mafai naʻo faʻaititia i togafitiga i tali, ma se tuʻufaʻatasi marker faʻasino igoa ono faʻaalia ai faʻateleina pupuga i tagata gasegase na mulimuli ane le tali atu i togafitiga.43,49,50 E maitauina, peitaʻi, toetoe lava o suʻesuʻega suʻesuʻeina mumusu porotini ma togafitiga tali faʻaaoga vailaʻau togafitiga togafitiga. . O le mea lea, a itiiti mai o nisi faʻalavelave faʻafuaseʻi i taimi o togafitiga e ono mafua mai i vailaʻau faʻafomaʻi antidepressants. E leʻo faʻamautuina aʻafiaga faʻafuaseʻi o antidepressants eseese, ae o faʻamaoniga e faʻaaogaina ai le maualuga o le CRP e fautuaina ai tagata taʻitoʻatasi e tali eseʻese i togafitiga faʻapitoa e faʻavae i luga ole faʻavaeina ole amataga. psychotherapy), ae o se tali lelei i le nortriptyline poʻo le fluoxetine; Uher et al43 toe faʻafouina lenei sailiga mo nortriptyline ma faʻailoa le isi faʻafitauli mo escitalopram. I se faʻatusatusaga, Chang et al51 maua maualuga CRP i vave tali atu i fluoxetine poʻo venlafaxine nai lo le tali atu. E le gata i lea, o tagata mamaʻi ma TRD ma maualuga CRP ua tali lelei atu i le TNF? antagonist infliximab nai lo i latou ma tulaga i le masani masani.52

 

Faʻatasi, o le faʻamaoniga e taʻu mai ai e tusa lava pe o le puleaina o mea e pei o le numera o le tino (BMI) ma le matua, o tali a le inflammatory e foliga mai e le tusa ma le tasi vaetolu o tagata gasegase ma le atuatuvale.55,56 O le flammatory system, e ui i lea, e matua faigata lava, le tele o tagata faʻatoʻaga e fai ma sui o vaega eseese o lenei faiga. Talu ai nei, o isi cytokines ma chimokines fou ua tuʻuina mai ai faʻamaoniga o mea e le masani ai i le atuatuvale. E aofia ai: porotini inhibitory macrophage 1a, trovatore-1a, trovatore-7, trovatore-12p70, trovatore-13, trovatore-15, eotaxin, granulocyte vala faaosofia-kolone macrophage, 57 trovatore-5,58 trovatore-16,59 porotini trovatore-17,60 monocyte chemoattractant -4,61 thymus ma le faatoagaina mai-faatonutonuina chemokine, 62 eotaxin-3, TNFb, 63 interferon gamma-faaōleōle porotini amyloid serum 10,64 A, 65 soluble adhesion intracellular molecule66 ma soluble molecule adhesion feaveai vascular 1.67

 

Tuputupu Faʻatupulaia Faʻamatalaga Faʻatonu i le Faʻafitauli

 

I le malamalama ai i le taua tele o aʻafiaga o le tuputupu aʻe o aʻafiaga e pei o le angiogenesis), tatou te vaʻai i tagata e ola ai le ola i lalo o le faʻamatalaga lautele o mea tutupu.

 

O le neurotrophic factor (BDNF) o le faiaʻoga o le sili lea ona suʻesuʻeina tele o nei. Tele faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻi faʻaalia ai le faʻamalieina o le BDNF protein i le serum, lea e foliga mai e faʻateleina i autafa o togafitiga antidepressant.68--71 faʻateleina le maualuga o lenei polotini e oʻo lava i le leai o se falemaʻi faʻamagaloina.70 proBDNF e leʻi tele aʻoga suʻesuʻeina nai lo le matua foliga o le BDNF, ae o le lua foliga mai e eseese gaioiga (i faʻatonuga o latou aʻafiaga i tyrosine receptor kinase B taliaina) ma talu ai nei molimau faʻailoa mai e ui o le matua BDNF ono faʻaititia i le faʻanoanoaga, proBDNF ono soʻona gaosia.72 Nerve tuputupu aʻe suʻesuʻega peripherally na lipotia foi maualalo ifo o le faʻanoanoaga nai lo pulega i se meta-auiliiliga, ae ono le suia e antidepressant togafitiga e ui lava i sili atu faʻafefeteina i tagata mamaʻi ma sili atu ogaoga faʻanoanoaga.73 Faʻatusatusaga sailiiliga na lipotia mai i se meta-auiliiliga mo le sela selalaina neurotrophic mafuaʻaga laina.74

 

O le vaega o le faʻatupulaia o le toto (VEGF) o loʻo i ai le sao i le faʻalauiloaina o le angiogenesis ma le neurogenesis faʻatasi ai ma isi tagata o le aiga VEGF (eg, VEGF-C, VEGF-D) ma o loʻo ia folafolaina foi mo le faʻanoanoaga.75 E ui lava i le le mautu o molimau, e lua meta-auiliiliga na Talu ai nei na faʻailoa mai ai le maualuga o le VEGF ile toto o tagata mamaʻi faʻanoanoa pe a faʻatusatusa i pulega (i isi aʻoga 16; P <0.001) .76,77 Peitaʻi, o le maualalo o le VEGF ua faʻailoa mai i le TRD78 ma e maualuga atu foʻi tulaga na valoia le le tali atu i togafitiga faʻafomaʻi.79 E le malamalama aisea o le a siitia ai le maualuga o le protein VEGF, ae ono mafai ona mafua mai i le gaioiga faʻasolosolo ma / poʻo le faʻateleina o le toto '' poloka poloka poloka i faʻanoanoaga setete e mafua ai faʻaititia faʻaaliga i cerebrospinal suavai.80 O le sootaga i le va VEGF ma togafitiga tali e le manino ; o se suesuega talu ai nei maua leai se sootaga i le va o serum VEGF poʻo le BDNF ma le tali atu poʻo le faʻanoanoaga ogaoga, e ui lava i le paʻu i autafa o togafitiga antidepressant.81 Insulin-pei tuputupu aʻe vaega-1 o se faʻaopopoga vaega ma neurological gaioiga e ono faʻateleina i le faʻanoanoaga, atagia ai le le paleni i neurotrophic gaioiga.82,83 Faʻavae fibroblast tuputupu aʻe vaega (poʻo FGF-2) o se sui o le tuputupu aʻe fibroblast aiga vaega ma foliga maualuga atu i le atuatuvale nai lo le puleaina o vaega.84 Peitai, lipoti e le ogatasi; tasi na iloa o lenei polotini na maualalo i le MDD nai lo le soifua maloloina, ae na faʻaititia atili faʻatasi ma togafitiga antidepressant.85

 

O isi mea e tupu aʻe e leʻi lava le suʻesuʻeina i le atuatuvale e aofia ai le Tyrosine kinase 2 ma le fros-pei tyrosine kinase-1 (e taua foi sVEGFR-1) lea e galulue faʻatasi ma le VEGF, ma le tyrosine kinase receptors (lea e fusifusia ai le BDNF) e mafai ona toesea i le depression.86 Faʻatupulaia o le faʻavae o le vaega o le vaega o le VEGF Family, ae leʻi suʻesuʻeina i ni faʻafitauli faʻapitoa i le faʻaogaina o mea i lo tatou iloa.

 

Faʻamaumauga o le Biomakeric Metabolic i le Faʻafitauli

 

O le biomarkers autu eo faatasi ma le maʻi metabolic aofia leptin, adiponectin, ghrelin, triglycerides, lipoprotein maualuga density (HDL), suka, inisalini ma albumin.87 le fegalegaleaiga i le va o le tele o nei ma le faanoanoa ua toe iloiloina: foliga maualalo leptin88 ma ghrelin89 i le atuatuvale nai lo le pule i le itu i tua ma e mafai ona faʻateleina faʻatasi ma togafitiga faʻamalolo poʻo le faʻamagaloina. O le faʻamalosia o insulin e mafai ona faateleina i le atuatuvale, e tusa lava pe itiiti ifo i le aofaiga .90 lipid profiles, e aofia ai le HDL-cholesterol, e foliga mai ua suia i le tele o tagata gasegase ma le atuatuvale, e aofia ai i latou e leai ni maʻi faʻapitoa, e ui o lenei mafutaga e faigata ma e manaʻomia ai atili lugacidation.91 Faʻaopopo atu, hyperglycemia92 ma le hypoalbuminemia93 i le atuatuvale na lipotia i iloiloga.

 

Suʻesuʻega o le lautele metabolic setete ua amata ona sili atu ona masani ona faʻaaogaina metabolomics panels o laiti mole mole ma le faʻamoemoe o le sailia o se malosi biochemical saini mo psychiatric faʻaletonu. I se suʻesuʻega talu ai nei na faʻaaogaina ai le atamai faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻiga, o se seti o metabolites faʻaalia ai le faʻateleina o le kulukosefaʻailoga o le faʻailo na sili ona vaʻaia o se faʻamaoniga MDD, 94 lagolagoina o muamua suesuega.95

 

Neurotransmitter Findings i le Faʻafitauli

 

E ui lava o le uaʻi totogia i monoamines i le faʻanoanoaga na maua ai le sili atu le manuia o togafitiga, e le o iai ni faʻailoga malosi o le neurotransmitter na faʻailoaina e faʻalelei togafitiga faʻavae i luga o le filifilia o monoamine faʻamoemoe o antidepressants. Talu ai nei galuega tusi agai i le serotonin (5-hydroxytr Egyptamine) 1A talimalo e sili ona taua mo faʻamaoniga uma ma le vaʻaia o le faʻanoanoaga, e faʻatali ai ni metotia fou ma faʻataʻitaʻiga metotia.96 O loʻo i ai ni togafitiga fou e ono faʻatatau i le 5-hydroxytr Egyptamine; mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, faʻaaogaina le telegese-faʻamatuʻu pulega o le 5-hydroxytr Egyptophan.97 Faʻateleina le felafolafoaʻiga o le dopamine faʻafesoʻotaʻi ma isi neurotransmitters e faʻaleleia atili ai le mafaufau gaioiga pei o filifiliga faia ma faʻaosofia.98 Faʻapena foi, o le neurotransmitters glutamate, noradrenaline, histamine ma serotonin mafai faʻafesoʻotaʻi ma faʻagaoioia o se vaega o le atuatuvale-fesoʻotaʻi tali atu faʻalavelave; lea ono ono faʻaititia ai le 5-hydroxytr Egyptamine gaosia e ala i le '' fauina ''. O se iloiloga talu ai nei o loʻo faʻailoa mai ai lenei manatu ma taʻu mai ai ile TRD, e mafai ona toe suia (ma le 5-HT toe faʻaleleia) e ala i togafitiga multimodal faʻatatau i le tele o neurotransmitters.99 O le mea e mataʻina ai, o le faʻateleina o le serotonin e le tupu i taimi uma e fesoʻotaʻi ma togafitiga antidepressant faʻamanuiaga.100 , neurotransmitter metabolites pei o le 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol, o le noradrenaline, poʻo le homovanillic acid, o le dopamine, e masani ona maua e faʻateleina faʻatasi ma le faʻaititia o le faʻafitauli ma le antidepressant togafitiga101,102 poʻo le maualalo o le maualuga o nei metabolites vaʻai se sili atu tali i Togafitiga SSRI.102,103

 

Neuroendocrine Faʻamatalaga i le Faʻafitauli

 

Cortisol o le mea sili ona masani ai o le biomarch biologist a le HPA ua uma ona suʻesuʻe i le atuatuvale. E tele iloiloga na taulai atu i iloiloga eseese o le gaoioiga a le HPA; O le aotelega, o nei mea e taʻu mai ai o le atuatuvale e fesootaʻi ma le hypercortisolemia ma o le tali a le cortisol e masani ona toesea .104,105 Ua lagolagoina lenei iloiloga talu ai nei o laʻasaga masani o cortisol fuaina i lauulu, lagolagoina le manatu o le cortisol hyperactivity i le atuatuvale ae o le hypoactivity i isi maʻi faapena e pei o le atuatuvale faaletonu.106 E le gata i lea, aemaise lava, maualuga tulaga cortisol e mafai ona valoia ai se tali le manuia i le mafaufau o le mafaufau ma le antidepressant107. I le tala faasolopito, o le neuroendocrine aupito sili ona malosi o le tali atu i le togafitiga o le suʻega o le suppression o le deamamethasone, o le cortisol nonsuppression e mulimuli i le dexamethasone administration e fesoʻotai ma se tulaga maualalo o le faʻamagaloina. Ae ui i lea, o lenei tulaga matautia e lei mafaufauina ua lava le malosi mo le aoga. Faailoga tutusa corticotrophin-le faʻasaoina o le hormone ma le adrenocorticotropin hormone faapea foi le vasopressin e le o iai i luga o le atuatuvale ma le dehydroepiandrosterone ua maua e le faʻaaogaina; le fua o le cortisol i le hydrohydroepiandrosterone e mafai ona siitia e avea o se faailoga tumau i le TRD, tumau pea pe a uma le faamagaloga .108 Neuroendocrine hormonone ua leva ona fesootaʻi ma le atuatuvale, ma o le hypothyroidism e mafai foi ona mafua ai le mafuaʻaga i le lagona atuatuvale.109 E le gata i lea, faʻasolosolo ma togafitiga manuia mo depression.110

 

I totonu o mea o loʻo taua i luga, e taua ai foʻi le iloiloina o auala faʻailo i luga o sisitema, pei o le glycogen synthase kinase-3, mitogen-activated protein kinase ma le cyclic adenosine 3?, 5? -Monophosphate, o loʻo aafia i le synaptic plasticity112 ma suia e antidepressants.113 ono biomarker sui tauva e salalau biologic sisitema faʻapitoa lava e fuaina faʻaaogaina neuroimaging poʻo genetics. I le tali atu i le le lava o malosi ma anoa genomic eseesega i le va o le lotomafatia ma leai ni faʻapopoleina faitau aofai, 114 talafaʻasolo auala faʻasolosolo e pei o polygenic togi115 poʻo le telomere length116,117 mafai faʻamaonia sili aoga. Faʻateleina biomarkers mauaina lauiloa o loʻo suʻesuʻeina taʻamilosaga taamilosaga poʻo kronobiologic biomarkers faʻaaogaina eseese punaoa. Actigraphy mafai ona maua ai se faʻatatau iloiloga o moe ma ala ala ma malolo ala i se saoasaoa, ma masini gaioiga mafai ona faʻateleina fuaina isi mea taua e pei o malamalama malamalama. Atonu e sili atu le aoga mo le sailia nai lo le masani ona faʻaaogaina faʻapitoa lipoti o tagata gasegase ma mafai ona maua ai tala fou o togafitiga tali.118 O le fesili poʻo ai biomarkers e sili ona folafolaina mo faʻaliliuga faʻaaogaina o se luitau, lea ua faʻalauteleina luga.

 

Luitau oi ai nei

 

Mo nei suʻesuʻega e lima o neurobiology ua toe iloiloina, o faʻamaoniga e mulimuli mai i se faʻamatalaga tali tutusa: e tele naua tagata faʻatoʻaga o loʻo iai i nisi itu ma le atuatuvale. O nei faailoga e masani ona fesoʻotaʻi i se faʻalavelave faigata, faʻatau-faʻa-faʻalelei. O le faʻamaoniga e le ogatasi, ma e foliga mai o nisi o faʻamatalaga o isi mea ma o nisi e taua i na o se vaega o tagata gasegase. E mafai ona faʻaogaina tagata e olaola i auala eseese (faʻataʻitaʻiga, oi latou e vaʻaia mulimuli ane le tali atu i togafitiga, oi latou o loʻo faʻamaonia togafitiga faʻapitoa e sili atu ona aoga poʻo i latou foi e fesuiaʻi ma faʻalavelave tusa lava pe faʻaleleia falemaʻi). O auala fou e manaʻomia ina ia faʻateleina ai le tutusa ma le faʻaaogaina o suʻesuʻega o meaola faʻapitoa i fuainumera o le mafaufau.

 

Vaiaso o le Biomarker

 

O suiga o tagata biomaker i luga o le taimi ma tulaga eseese e sili atu le tele i nisi ituaiga (eg, proteomics) nai lo isi (genomics). O faʻasalalauga faʻasalalau mo le toʻatele e le o iai pe leʻi talia lautele. O le mea moni, o le aʻafiaga o mea tau le siosiomaga i luga o faailoga e masani lava ona faalagolago i fatuga ma isi fomaʻi faʻapitoa i le va o tagata e le mafai uma ona taliina. O lenei mea e faia ai le iloiloga o le galuega o le biomarker, ma faʻamaonia ai mea e le masani ai, faʻalavelave ona faʻamatalaina. Ona o le fuainumera o tagata e mafai ona ola, o le toʻatele e leʻi fuaina lautele poʻo i totonu o se faʻalapotopotoga tuʻufaʻatasi faʻatasi ma isi faʻamaufaʻailoga talafeagai.

 

O le tele o mea na lipotia e suia ai le palatini i luga o faiga o le biologic i tagata gasegase ei ai ni faaletonu afaina. Faʻatasi ai ma aʻafiaga o suʻesuʻega e pei o le umi ma le tulaga o le teuina (lea e mafai ona mafua ai le faʻaleagaina o nisi o mea tuufaatasia), e aofia ai le taimi o aso fuaina, ituaiga, faʻamalositino, meaai 119 (faataitaiga, gaoioiga microbiome, aemaise lava o le tele o suʻesuʻega biomarker toto e le manaʻomia se faʻataʻitaʻiga anapogi), 120 ulaula ma le faʻaaogaina o vailaau, 121 faʻapea foʻi ma aʻafiaga o le soifua maloloina (pei o le inflammatory, cardiovascular poʻo isi maʻi faʻapitoa). Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, e ui lava o le faateleina o le mumu o loʻo matauina i le atuatuvale ae o isi tagata soifua maloloina e faʻatusatusa i vaega e leai ni faʻalavelave, o tagata faʻavaivaia o loʻo i ai le faʻafitauli o loʻo aʻafia ai le tele o taimi e sili atu le maualuga o cytokines nai lo i latou e leai se faʻalavelave poʻo se maʻi.122 O nisi mea taua ma o le aʻafiaga o le aʻafiaga i le va o le biomarkers, atuatuvalega ma tali togafitiga o loʻo faʻamatala atu i lalo.

 

Manatua. O tali uma a le endocrine ma le tali atu e iai ni lauiloa iloga i le tali atu i le atuatuvale (physiologic poo le mafaufau), ma le le mautonu i le taimi o le aoina o mea faataitai e seasea fuaina i suesuega o suesuega e ui i le fesuisuiai o lenei tulaga i le va o tagata taʻitoʻatasi e mafai ona faʻailoa e le taimi nei faanoanoaga faʻafitauli. O nei faafitauli ogaoga ma mafaufauga masani e faʻaaogaina e pei o se luʻitau puipuia, faʻamalosia ai tali e le maua i le taimi puupuu ma le umi .123,124 O lenei sailiiliga e faʻalautele atu i le poto masani o le faʻamuamua o le olaga, lea e fesoʻotai ma elemene matutua e le mautonu i le faʻafitauli o se matua.125,126 I taimi o le laʻititi o le tamaititi, o le faateleina o le mumu na lipotia na o tamaiti na o loʻo mafatia i le taimi nei.127 I le isi itu, o tagata ua i ai le atuatuvale ma se talaaga o le tamaititi laiti atonu na faʻafefeteina cortisol tali i le atuatuvale, faʻatusatusa ia i latou o loʻo i ai le atuatuvale ma e leai se faʻalavelave faʻafuaseʻi o le olaga.128 Faʻamalosia le faʻaaogaina o le aiga o le HPA, e foliga mai e fesootaʻi ma le galuega faʻamalosi, 129 faʻapea le subtype poʻo le fesuiaiga i genes e aʻafia ai le HPA.130 Stress e iai foi aafiaga faʻaletonu ma taimi umi i le neurogenesis131 ma isi neural mechanics.132 E leʻo manino le auala e aʻafia ai le faʻaogaina o meaola biologic i le atuatuvale tagata matutua, ae e ono mafai e le popolega i le amataga o le olaga ona iai ni tagata e tutumau i faʻafitauli mamafa i le matua o loʻo faʻalauteleina i le mafaufau ma / pe faʻalauiloa.

 

Galulue faʻamalosi. E le masani ona tupu le faaletonu o le neurocognitive i tagata ei ai ni faaletonu afaina, e oo lava i le UN.133 e le togafitiga. O le le atoatoa o le faaletonu o le mafaufau e tutusa ma le tetee a le togafitiga.134 Neurobiologically, o le HPA axis129 ma le neurotrophic systems135 atonu o le ai ai se matafaioi autu i lenei sootaga. Neurotransmitters noradrenaline ma le dopamine e foliga mai e taua tele mo gaioiga o mafaufauga e pei o le aʻoaʻoina ma le manatua.136 O le maualuga o tali le fiafia e fesootaʻi ma le pa'ū o le mafaufau, ma e ono aʻafia ai le gaioiga o le mafaufau i mea faʻavaivai, 137 ma le faʻamagalo, e ala i le tele o auala .138 Ioe, Krogh et al139 na fuafua e faapea o le CRP e sili atu ona vavalalata i le faia o mea tau fatuga nai lo le ogatotonu o faailoga o le atuatuvale.

 

Tausaga, kenera ma le BMI. O le toesea po o le auai, ma le faʻasologa o eseesega o meaola i le va o alii ma tamaitai ua matua fesuisuiai i molimau e oo mai i le aso. Neuroendocrine hormone eseesega i le va o alii ma tamaitai e fegalegaleai ai ma le atuatuvale le gasegase.140 O se iloiloga o suʻesuʻega o le mumusu na lipotia mai faapea o le pulea o le matua ma le itupa e le afaina ai le eseesega o le pulea o le gasegase i cytokine inflammatory (e ui o le fesootaiga i le va o IL-6 ma le atuatuvale na faaitiitia i le matua, lea e ogatusa ma manatu o le mumū e masani ona maualuga ma le matua) .41,141 VEGF eseesega i le va o maʻi ma pule e sili atu i suʻesuʻega suʻesuʻeina o tamaʻi laiti, ao le itupa, BMI ma mea tau le aʻafiaga e le aʻafia ai nei faʻatusatusaga i se laʻasaga-analytic level.77 Peitaʻi, o le le lava o fetuutuunaiga mo BMI i suesuega muamua o le mumu ma le atuatuvale ua foliga mai e fenumiai ai feeseeseaiga sili ona taua na lipotia i le va o nei vaega.41 Ua manino le faaalia o le tino o meaola o le gaosiga e faaosofia ai le gaosiga o le cytokine faapea foi ma le fesootai vavalalata i faailoga metabolic.142 Ona o togafitiga psychotropic e ono avea ma sooga ua maua i le mamafa o le tupe maua ma se BMI maualuga, ma o nei mea na fesootaʻi ma togafitiga togafitiga i le atuatuvale, o se vaega taua lenei e suʻesuʻe ai.

 

Vailaau. Tele biomarker suesuega i le atuatuvale (uma cross-sectional ma longitudinal) na aoina laina faʻataʻitaʻiga i unmedicated tagata auai e faʻaititia heterogeneity. Ae ui i lea, o le tele o nei iloiloga na faia ina ua maeʻa le taimi o le faʻamamaina mai vailaʻau, lea e tuua ai le ono sili ona fenumiai vala o toega suiga i le tino, faʻateleina e le tele o ituaiga o togafitiga avanoa na ono i ai ni eseesega aʻafiaga o le pupuga. O nisi suʻesuʻega ua faʻateʻa eseʻesega psychotropic, ae le o isi vailaʻau faʻaogaina: aemaise lava, o le tautala fulu fualaʻau e masani ona faʻatagaina i tagata suʻesuʻe suʻesuʻe ma e le faʻatonutonuina mo suʻesuʻega, lea na faʻailoa talu ai nei e faʻateleina ai le maualuga o le homone ma le cytokine. vailaʻau i ai aafiaga i luga o le afaina tali, 143,144--34,43,49,145 HPA-axis, 147 neurotransmitter, 108 ma neurotrophic148 gaioiga. Peitaʻi, o le tele o togafitiga ono mo le faʻanoanoaga e i ai eseese ma faigata meatotino tau falemaʻi, faʻapea e ono i ai ni faʻaleagaina biologic aʻafiaga o eseese togafitiga filifiliga, lagolagoina e le taimi nei faʻamaumauga. Ua talitonuina e faʻaopopo i le monoamine aʻafiaga, o vailaʻau e masani ona faʻatatau i le serotonin (ie, SSRIs) e ono faʻamoemoe i suiga o Th149 i le fulafula, ma noradrenergic antidepressants (eg, SNRIs) e tupu ai le suiga o le Th2 E leʻi mafai fuafua le aʻafiaga o tagata taʻitoʻatasi pe tuʻufaʻatasia vailaʻau i biomarkers. O nei e ono faʻatalanoaina e isi mea e aofia ai le uumi o togafitiga (nai faʻataʻitaʻiga iloilo taimi umi faʻaogaina vailaʻau), faʻataʻitaʻiga heterogeneity ma le le faʻamalosia tagata auai e ala i le tali atu i togafitiga.

 

Eseesega

 

Faʻatauga. E pei ona taua i le pito i luga, eseesega (i le va ma totonu o suʻesuʻega) i tuutuuga o togafitiga (ma pulega) e ave ma ave muamua e tagata o loʻo auai ma faʻamaonia le faʻalauteleina o mea i suʻesuʻega, aemaise lava i suʻesuʻega biomarker. I le faaopoopo atu i lenei mea, o le tele o isi mamanu ma uiga faʻataʻitaʻiga e fesuisuiaʻi i luga o suʻesuʻega, ma faʻapupulaina ai le faigata i le faʻamatalaina ma le tuʻuina atu o sailiiliga. E aofia ai faʻamaumauga o fua o le biomarker (faʻataʻitaʻiga, kata faʻataʻitaʻi) ma metotia o le aoina mai, teuina, gaosia ma le suʻeina o faailoga i le atuatuvale. Hiles et al141 na suʻeina nisi o punavai o le le tutusa i tusitusiga i luga o le mumū ma iloa ai o le saʻo atoatoa o le faʻafitauli o le atuatuvale, BMI ma faʻamaʻi faʻamaʻi na sili atu ona taua le faʻatautaia mo le iloiloina o le afaina o le lautele i le va o le faʻavaivaia ma le le mautonu.

 

Falemaʻi. O le tele o le eseesega o tagata ua pagatia ua lelei ona tusia151 ma o se mea taua tele le saofaga i le eseesega o sailiiliga i totonu o suʻesuʻega. E foliga mai e tusa lava pe maua i totonu o suʻesuʻega, o faʻamatalaga e le masani ai biologic e faʻamaonia i lalo o saofaga a tagata taʻitoʻatasi atonu e le mautu i le taimi. E mafai ona faʻamaonia vaega laiti o tagata o loʻo mafatia ma le atuatuvale e ala i se tuufaatasiga o mea faʻapitoa ma mafaufau. I lalo ifo, matou te faʻamatalaina le mafai gafatia e suʻe vaega laiti i le faʻafetauiina o luitau e ono tulaʻi mai i le biomarker variability ma le ukerogeneity.

 

Fua i totonu o le Faʻavaivai

 

E oʻo mai i le taimi nei, e leai ni vaega tutusa i totonu o faʻanoanoaga poʻo ni faʻaletonu ua mafai ona faʻamasania i le va o tagata gasegase e faʻavae i luga o faʻailoga o le tino poʻo togafitiga. mafai faʻapipiʻi le ala agai i stratified togafitiga. Kunugi et al152 na faatuina se seti o le fa ono subtypes faʻavae i luga o le matafaioi o eseʻesega neurobiological faiga faʻaalia falemai talafeagai subtypes i faʻanoanoaga: i latou ma hypercortisolism faʻaalia ma melancholic depression, po o hypocortisolism atagia ai se atypical subtype, o se vaega e fesoʻotaʻi ma leamine taimi nei lauiloa ma le anhedonia (ma mafai ona tali lelei i, faʻapea, aripiprazole) ma se subtype pupuna faʻailoaina e ala i le maualuga pupuga. Tele tusitusiga e taulaʻi ile faʻafefiloina ua faʻamaoti mai le mataupu mo le i ai o le "inflamlam subtype` i totonu o le faʻanoanoaga.153 Faʻafitauli faʻafomaʻi o le maualuga pupuga e le o fuafuaina ma ni nai faʻataʻitaʻiga taumafaiga na faia e saili ai poʻo ai tagata auai ono aofia ai lenei kulupu. Na fautuaina e faapea o tagata e maua i le atypical depression e mafai ona maualuga le maualuga o le fulafula nai lo le melancholic subtype, 55,56,154,155 atonu e le o gatasi ma sailiiliga e uiga i le HPA axis i melancholic ma atypical subtypes o le faʻanoanoa. TRD156 poʻo le lotomafatia ma taʻutaʻua somatic auga37 na faʻapea foi o se ono afaina subtype, ae neurovegetative (moe, manaʻoga, libido leiloa), lagona (aofia ai maualalo lagona, suicidality ma itaitagofie) ma mafaufauga malamalama (aofia ai afaina afaina ma tausalaina) 157 uma aliali mai e fesoʻotaʻi ma talaʻaga faʻasolopito. O isi ono tauva mo se subtype afaina e aofia ai le poto masani o maʻi amioga-pei o faʻailoga158 poʻo le metabolic syndrome.159,160

 

O le agaʻi i le manua (hypo) e mafai ona iloa ai le tulaga o le natura i le va o tagata mamaʻi e mafatia i le atuatuvale. Ua faamaonia nei i le taimi nei o maʻi pipisi o se vaega e tele o le faaletonu o le mafaufau, ma le maʻi pipili bipolas ua sili atu ona taatele nai lo le masani ai .161 Ua le mafaamatalaina ma / poo le tolopoina o le iloa o le maʻi pipisi i le taimi nei, o se faafitauli ogaoga i le mafaufau o le mafaufau, Ole taimi ole taimi e faasaʻo ai le maʻoti e masani ona silia ma le sefulu tausaga le matua o lenei maʻi ma le tele o maʻi .162 Faatasi ai ma le toatele o tagata mamaʻi o loʻo i ai le maʻi maʻi pipili o loʻo i ai muamua ma le tasi poʻo le sili atu foi o faanoanoaga ma le le mautonu o le le mautonu, o mea e ono ono vavalalata i le va o le atuatuvale ma le bipolar depression e tele sona aafiaga.163 O faafitauli o le fusi o alaleo e foliga mai e le i iloa i nisi o suesuega a le UN biomarker talu ai, ma o le tele o faamatalaga molimau ua faailoa mai ai le eseesega o le gaoioiga a le ACPA164 poo le inflammation109 i le va o le bipolar ma le unipo tele le atuatuvale. Ae ui i lea, o nei faatusatusaga e tau le maua, maua ni nai faataitaiga laiti, o ni mea e le masani ai le faʻalauiloaina o fuainumera o tagata pe leai foi ni tagata e leʻi lelei ona iloa i le siamaina. O nei suʻesuʻega e leʻo iloiloina ai le matafaioi o togafitiga faʻapitoa i nei mafutaga.

 

O faʻasologa o le disorders167 ma togafitiga resistant168 e le o ni faʻamatalaga faʻaalia ma pepelo i le faʻaauau, lea e faʻapupulaina ai le luʻitau o le faʻamaoniga o le subtype. E ese mai i le suʻeina, e taua le matauina o le tele o mea faʻaleagaga faʻalauiloa e matauina i le atuatuvale e tutusa lava ona mauaina i tagata mamaʻi ma isi faʻamaʻi. O le mea lea, o suʻega vailaʻau e mafai ona taua.

 

Faʻamaumauga o Fuafua o le Biomarker

 

Filifiliga Biomarker. Ole numera tele o biomarkers e ono aoga o loʻo avea ma luʻitau mo le mafaufau i le filifiliaina o faʻailoga e aʻafia i le itu ma ai latou. Ina ia faʻateleina le luʻi, e toaitiiti lava nisi o nei meaola na maua i le lava suʻesuʻega i le faʻanoanoaga, ma mo le tele, oa latou matafaioi saʻo i le soifua maloloina ma tagata soifua maloloina e le o malamalama lelei i ai. E ui i lea, e tele taumafaiga na faia e faʻatutu ni poloka biomarker e folafola atu. I le faʻaopopoga ia Brand et al 16's set o faʻailoga ma malosiʻaga gafatia, 27 Lopresti et al outline se faʻaopoopoga tele seti o oxidative faʻailoga mamafa ma ono mafai mo le faʻaleleia o togafitiga tali.28 Papakostas et al faʻamatalaina se priori se seti o iva serum markers le lautele biologic system (BDNF, cortisol, soluble TNF? receptor type II, alpha1 antitrypsin, apolipoprotein CIII, epidermal tuputupu ae vaega, myeloperoxidase, prolactin ma resistin) i le faʻamaoniaina ma toe faʻataʻitaʻi faʻataʻitaʻiga ma MDD. A maeʻa tuʻufaʻatasia, o se tuʻufaʻatasiga fuataga o nei tulaga na mafai ona iloga i le va o MDD ma faʻatonutonu kulupu ma 80% -90% sao.169 Matou te fautua atu e oʻo ia i latou e le aofia uma ono ono tauva i lenei matata; vaʻai le Laulau 2 mo se leaixhaustive faʻamatalaina o biomarkers ma ono mafai mo faʻanoanoaga, o loʻo iai uma na ma faʻamaoniga faʻavae ma folafolaina tala fou.

 

Tekonolosi. Ona o le alualu i luma o tekinolosi, ua mafai nei (ioe, talafeagai) ona fuaina le tele o tagata e ola ai laau i le taimi lava e tasi i se tau maualalo ma le maualuga atu o le lagona nai lo le tulaga muamua. I le taimi nei, o lenei gafatia e fuaina ai le tele o mea tuufaatasia e sili atu nai lo le mafai ona tatou iloiloina lelei ma faʻamatalaina faʻamaumauga, 170 se mea o le a faʻaauau pea i le faʻatupulaia o fausaga o le biomarker ma faailoga fou e pei o metabolomics. O lenei mea e mafua ona o le le lava o le malamalama e uiga i le matafaioi patino ma le vavalalata i le va o maka, ma le le lava o le malamalama pe faapefea ona fesoʻotaʻi faʻamau fesoʻotaʻi i tulaga eseese o meaola (eg, genetic, transcription, protein) i totonu ma le va o tagata taʻitoʻatasi. O faʻamatalaga tetele e faʻaaoga ai suʻesuʻega faʻapitoa ma faʻataʻitaʻiga o le a fesoasoani i le faʻatalanoaina o lenei, ma o loʻo faʻatulagaina ni auala fou; o se tasi o faʻataʻitaʻiga o le atinaʻeina o se fuainumera fuainumera e faʻavaeina i le faʻavasegaina o fuataga e maua ai ni mea fou e mafai ona gaosia ai le metabolic e faʻavae i luga o latou tali i fesoʻotaiga ma faʻatasi ai faʻamatalaga faʻatasi ma le metabolite data.171 Faʻataʻitaʻiina le faʻaaogaina o metotia. faʻamatalaga e vaʻai ai taunuʻuga tau togafitiga i suʻesuʻega ma le tele data.172

 

Faaputuputuina o tagata e olaola. O le suʻesuʻeina o faʻasologa o meaola olaola i se taimi e tasi, o se auala e suʻesuʻeina ai ni faʻailoga tuʻufaʻatasi e mafai ona maua ai se manatu saʻo i totonu o le upega tafaʻilagi o meaola poʻo fesoʻotaʻiga. ma fegalegaleaiga e malamalama lelei), biomarker faʻamaumauga mafai ona tuʻufaʻatasia pe faʻasino igoa. Tasi luitau o le faailoaina o le sili ona lelei metotia o le faʻatautaia o lenei, ma atonu e manaʻomia le faʻaleleia atili o tekonolosi ma / poʻo tala fou faʻataʻitaʻi metotia (vaʻai le '' Faʻamatalaga tele) I le tala faasolopito, o fuataga i le va o ni biomarkers eseʻese e lua na maua mai ai ni mea fiafia tele.26 E leʻi tele ni taumafaiga na faia e tuʻufaʻatasia faʻamaumauga o meaola ninii i luga o se fuataga tele atu, e pei o i latou o loʻo faʻaaogaina vaega autu o faʻalautelega o le cytokine network. liua i se tasi-aafiaga lapoʻa togi mo suesuega taʻitasi, ma aotelega faʻaalia sili maualuga pupuga i luma antidepressant togafitiga, vaʻaia mulimuli ane le tali atu i outpatient suesuega. Ole vaega ole biomarker panels o se luʻitau ma se avanoa mo suʻesuʻega i le lumanaʻi e faʻailoaina ai mea aoga ma faʻatuatuaina e mafai ona faʻaogaina e faʻaleleia atili ai togafitiga. 109,173 O se suʻesuʻega na faia e Papakostas et al na faia se isi auala, ma filifilia ai le vaega o le heterogeneous serum biomarkers (o le mumusu, HPA axis ma metabolic system) na faʻailoa mai e eseʻesega i le va o le lotomafatia ma le faʻatonutonu tagata i se suʻesuʻega talu ai ma tuʻufaʻatasia ia mea i se tulaga mataʻutia togi e eseese i le lua tutoʻatasi faʻataʻitaʻiga ma le vaega faʻatautaia ma> 174% maaleale ma faʻapitoa.43

 

Tele faamaumauga. O le faʻaaogaina o faʻamatalaga tetele atonu e talafeagai mo le faʻatalanoaina o luitau o loʻo iai nei e pei ona faʻataʻamilo mai ile siʻosiʻomaga o le eseesega, fesuiaʻiga o le biomarker, faʻailoaina o faʻailoga sili ona lelei ma aumaia le malae agaʻi i faʻaliliuga, faʻaoga suʻesuʻega i le faʻanoanoa. Peitai, e pei ona otooto atu i luga, o lenei aumaia tekinolosi ma faʻasaienisi luitau.175 O le soifua maloloina Saienisi talu ai nei talu ai le faʻaaogaina tele faʻamaumauga auiliiliga, sefulu tausaga pe sili atu mulimuli ane nai lo le vaega pisinisi. Ae ui i lea, o suʻesuʻega e pei o le iSPOT-D152 ma le consortia pei o le Psychiatric Genetics Consortium176 o loʻo alualu i luma ma lo matou malamalamaaga i meaola na faia i le mafaufau. Masini-aʻoaʻo algorithms, i ni nai suʻesuʻega, amata ona faʻaaogaina i tagata olaola mo le faʻanoanoaga: o se suʻesuʻega talu ai nei na tuʻufaʻatasia faʻamatalaga mai> 5,000 tagata auai o 250 biomarkers; i le maeʻa ai o le tele o faʻamaumauga o faʻamatalaga, o le masini-aʻoaʻoina faʻamalosia regresi na faia, faʻailoa mai 21 ono biomarkers. I le maeʻa ai o suʻesuʻega o loʻo faʻavasegaina, e toatolu biomarkers na filifilia e fesoʻotaʻi ma faʻamalosi tino faʻailoga (matua fesuisuiai le toto mumu sela, serum kulukose ma bilirubin tulaga). Faʻaiʻuga a tusitala e mafai ona faʻaaoga lelei faʻamatalaga tetele mo le faʻatupuina o manatu.177 O loʻo amataina nei ni poloketi tetele o le biomarker phenotyping ma o le a fesoasoani e faʻalauteleina la tatou faigamalaga i le lumanaʻi o le neurobiology o le faʻanoanoa.

 

Tulaga o le lumanaʻi

 

Faailoaina Faailoga o Meaola Biomarker

 

O mea na maua i tusitusiga e oʻo mai i le taimi nei e manaʻomia le toe faia i suʻesuʻega tetele. E moni lenei mea mo tusitala biomarkers, pei o le chemokine thymus ma le activation-regulated chemokine ma le tuputupu aʻe o le tyrosine kinase 2, e tusa ai ma lo matou iloa, e leʻi suʻesuʻeina i le falemaʻi o le falemaʻi ma le soifua maloloina faʻataʻitaʻi. Tele suʻesuʻega suʻesuʻega e tatau ona suʻesuʻe maeʻaeʻa biomarker panels ma faʻaaoga metotia faʻapitoa metotia e faʻamautinoa atoatoa ai le va i le va o faʻailoga ma mea taua na suia latou i falemaʻi ma nonclinical faitau aofaʻi. E le gata i lea, o faʻataʻitaʻiga tetele o le auiliiliga o vaega autu e ono faʻatulagaina ni vaega o soʻotaga o meaola ninii ma mafai foi ona faʻamatalaina le faʻaaogaina o le '' composites 'i le biologic psychiatry, ia e ono faʻaleleia ai le tutusa o mea e maua i le lumanaʻi.

 

Faʻamaumauga o Homogenous Subtypes

 

E tusa ai ma le filifilia o le biomarker, e tele ni panini atonu e manaʻomia mo auala eseese e ono mafai e le suʻesuʻega ona faʻaaogaina. I le tuufaatasia, o le faʻamaoniga o loʻo i ai nei o loʻo faʻamaonia mai ai e moni lava faʻamatalaga faʻamaonia, ae ua matua suia lava i se faʻalavelave faʻapitoa o tagata o loʻo mafatia nei i le atuatuvale. O lenei mea e mafai ona faʻatuina i totonu po o le va o faʻataʻitaʻiga, lea o le a mafua ai ona le ogatasi ma sailiiliga e mafai ona matauina i lenei tusi. O le faʻatulagaina o se vaega laʻitiiti o meaola (po o subgroups) e sili atu ona mafai ona faʻamalosia e se faʻataʻotoga tele o le faʻapipiʻiina o faʻamaumauga o biomarker network panels i le atuatuvale. O lenei mea o le a faʻaalia i totonu o le faitau aofaʻi o tagata; Iloiloga a le vasega i le taimi nei e ono mafai ona faʻaalia ai faʻamaoniga faʻapitoa e faʻavae i luga, e fai ma faʻataʻitaʻiga, mumu.

 

Togafitiga Faʻamatalaga faapitoa ile Inflammation ma le Tali

 

O togafitiga masani mo togafitiga mo le atuatuvale e tatau ona iloilo lelei mo o latou aafiaga o meaolaola, aemaise le tausitusi mo le aoga o suega togafitiga. O lenei mea e mafai ai ona fausia faʻataʻatiaga e uiga i tagata e ola ai meaola ma faʻamaoniga e faʻaalia ai taunuuga i togafitiga faʻapitoa i togafitiga faʻapitoa, ma atonu e ono mafai ona maua i le tulaga o le atuatuvale ma le paʻu. E ono aoga lenei togafiti mo togafitiga fou faʻapea foʻi ma togafitiga faʻaalia nei.

 

Fuafuaga Fuafuaina mo le Tali atu o Togafitiga

 

O le faʻaaogaina o auala ua taua i luga, e ono mafua ai le alualu i luma o le mafai ona faʻataʻitaʻiina vave le togafitiga togafitiga. E sili atu le moni ma faʻaauau pea (eg, umi-taimi) fua o togafitiga togafitiga e mafai ona fesoasoani i lenei mea. Iloiloga o isi togafiti talafeagai o le soifua manuia o le tagata maʻi (pei o le lelei o le ola ma le faʻaaogaina o aso uma) e mafai ona maua ai se suʻesuʻega sili atu faʻalelei i le togafitiga e mafai ona faʻafesootai vavalalata ma tagata e ola ai. E ui lava e le o mafai ona iloa e le tagata suʻesuʻe le mea e tali atu ai, e mafai ona faʻafesoʻotaʻi faʻamatalaga tutusa o tagata e ola ai tagata ma faʻamalamalamaga o le mafaufau ma le telefoni i faʻamatalaga o le le lava o le tali. Afai o se faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻatuatuaina ua atiaʻe e vaʻai ai le tali (pe mo le tagata pagatia po o se tagata faʻamalosi) ma ua faʻamaonia i se taimi lata mai, o se mamanu faaliliu e mafai ona faʻatuina lona faʻaaogaina i se faamasinoga tele e pulea.

 

Agai i togafitiga saʻo

 

I le taimi nei, o tagata mamaʻi ma faʻanoanoaga e le o faʻatonutonu faʻatonutonuina e maua ai se faʻapitoa fesoasoani polokalame. Afai e faʻamaonia, e mafai ona faʻaaoga se suʻega faʻasolosolo faʻataʻitaʻi e faʻataʻitaʻia ai se faʻataʻitaʻiga e valoia ai le le tali atu ma / pe faʻamautinoa poʻo fea e manaʻomia ai se faʻataʻitaʻiina o se tagata maʻi i se faʻataʻitaʻiga o le tausiga. Lenei mafai ona aoga i tulaga faʻapitoa ma tulaga masani togafitiga togafitiga, i soʻo se ituaiga o fesoasoani. I le iʻuga, e mafai ona atiaʻe se faʻataʻitaʻiga talafeagai falemaʻi e tuʻuina atu ai i tagata taʻitoʻatasi togafitiga e sili ona talafeagai, ia amanaʻia i latou e ono aliaʻe le faʻavaivai o le faʻanoanoaga ma faʻateleina le tausiga ma mataituina nei tagata mamaʻi. Tagata mamaʻi faʻailoa mai o loʻo i se tulaga lamatia mo togafitiga teteʻe ono faʻatulagaina se soʻotaga mafaufau ma vailaʻau faʻafomaʻi togafitiga poʻo tuʻufaʻatasia vailaʻau. I le avea ai o se taumatematega faʻataʻitaʻiga, o tagata auai e leai ni faʻamaʻi o le cytokine maualuga e ono faʻaalia e maua ai le mafaufau ae le o le togafitiga faʻafomaʻi, ae o le vaega o tagata mamaʻi ma le maualuga o le pupuna e mafai ona mauaina se vailaʻau e teteʻe ai i le faʻasolosolo i togafitiga masani. Tutusa ma stratification, faʻapitoa togafitiga-filifiliga metotia ono mafai i le lumanaʻi. Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, o se tagata faʻanoanoa lava e ono maualuga tele le TNF? tulaga, ae leai seisi biologic faʻaletonu, ma ono aoga mai puʻupuʻu ma togafitiga ma le TNF? antagonist.54 Faʻapitoa togafitiga mafai foi ona manaʻomia mataʻituina biomarker faʻaaliga i le taimi o togafitiga e faʻailoa ai ono fesoasoani fesuiaʻiga, o le umi o le faʻaauau togafitiga e manaʻomia pe ia iloa vave faʻailoga o le toe tupu.

 

Lelei togafitiga

 

E i ai le tele numera o ono togafitiga e ono aoga mo faʻanoanoaga, e le i lava suʻesuʻega, e aofia ai tala fou poʻo toe faʻaleleia mai isi tulafono faʻafomaʻi. O nisi o taulaʻiga sili ona lauiloa na i ai i vailaʻau faʻafomaʻi e pei o le celecoxib (ma isi cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors), TNF? antagonists etanercept ma infliximab, minocycline poʻo aspirin. O nei foliga alualu i luma.178 Antiglucocorticoid compound, aofia ai ketoconazole179 ma metyrapone, 180 na suʻesuʻeina mo le faʻanoanoa, ae o loʻo i ai ni drawbacks ma a latou itu o faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻafitauli ma le falemaʻi ono mafai o le metyrapone e le mautinoa. Mifepristone181 ma le corticosteroids fludrocortisone ma spironolactone, 182 ma le dexamethasone ma le hydrocortisone183 e ono aoga i le togafitia o le faʻanoanoa i se taimi puʻupuʻu. O le faʻatutuina o le glutamate N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonists, e aofia ai le ketamine, e mafai ona faʻalia ai le lelei o togafitiga i le depression.184 Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid e faʻaosofia ai le faʻaleagaina ma metabolic gaoioiga ma foliga mai e faʻaalia ai se aoga mo le faʻanoanoaga.185 E mafai e statins ona maua antidepressant aafiaga186 ala ala neurobiological talafeagai.187

 

I lenei auala, o le biochemical effects o antidepressants (vaʻai i le "Medication" vaega) na faʻaaogaina mo falemaʻi penefiti i isi aʻoaʻoga: aemaise gastroenterological, neurologic ma nonspecific faʻailoga maʻi.188 Aneti-afaina aʻafiaga o antidepressants ono avea ma sui vaega o le auala mo nei penefiti. Ua fautuaina foi le lithium e faʻaititia le mumu, faitioga e ala i glycogen synthase kinase-3 auala.189 O le taulaʻiina i nei aʻafiaga e mafai ona faʻamaoniaina faʻamatalaga mo se faʻailoga o le biomarker faʻaletonu ma, i le isi itu, o meaola e mafai ona fai ma sui o faʻailoga sui mo le atinaʻeina o fualaʻau fou.

 

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Dr. Alex Jimenez's Insight

O le atuatuvale o se faaletonu o le mafaufau faalemafaufau ua faamatalaina e uiga ogaoga e aafia ai le lagona, e aofia ai le leai o se fiafia i gaoioiga. Ae peitai, o suʻesuʻega faʻataʻitaʻi lata mai nei, ua iloa ai atonu e ono mafai ona iloa le atuatuvale e faʻaaogaina le sili atu nai lo naʻo faʻamaoniga a le tagata maʻi. E tusa ai ma le au suʻesuʻe, o le faailoaina faigofie o tagata e maua mai ai le biomarkers lea e mafai ona sili atu ona iloa lelei le atuatuvale, e taua i le faʻaleleia atili o le soifua maloloina ma le soifua manuia o le tagata maʻi. E ala i se faʻataʻitaʻiga, o suʻesuʻega a le falemaʻi e taʻu mai ai o tagata taʻitoʻatasi o loʻo i ai le faʻafitauli o le atuatuvale, poʻo le UN, ei ai le maualuga o le molécule acetyl-L-carnitine, poʻo le LAC, i totonu o latou toto nai lo le soifua maloloina. I le mea mulimuli, o le faʻamautuina o biomarkers mo le atuatuvale e mafai ona fesoasoani tele e iloa ai poʻo ai o loʻo lamatia le atiaʻe o le maʻi faʻapea foʻi ma fesoasoani i fomaʻi soifua maloloina latou te filifilia le filifiliga sili ona lelei mo se tagata maʻi ma le faʻalavelave.

 

iʻuga

 

O tusitusiga ua faailoa mai e tusa ma le lua-vaetolu o tagata mai ma le atuatuvale e le ausia le faamagaloga i se uluai togafitiga ma e ono tulai mai le leai o se tali e faateleina i le numera o togafitiga na fafaguina. O le tuʻuina atu o togafitiga le aoga e tele ona aʻafiaga mo tagata taʻitasi ma le faʻalapotopotoga, e aofia ai le faʻalavelave faʻaletonu ma le le lelei o le soifua manuia, ono lamatia le ola, leiloa o le gaosiga ma faʻatafunaina punaoa tau soifua maloloina. O le tele o tusitusiga i le atuatuvale ua faailoa mai ai le toatele o tagata e ola i le eleele ma le gafatia e faaleleia atili togafitiga mo tagata o loo i ai le atuatuvale. I le faaopoopo atu i le neurotransmitter ma neuroendocrine o faailoga ia na avea ma autu i le lautele o suʻesuʻega mo le tele o tausaga, o faʻamatalaga lata mai ua faʻamaonia ai le tali atu o le inflammatory (ma le faiga o le tino puipuia i le lautele), mea e mafua ai le faʻaleagaina ma le tuputupu ae e taua tele i totonu o le atuatuvale. Ae ui i lea, o le tele o faʻamatalaga faʻatusatusa e faʻaalia ai o loʻo i ai le tele o luitau e manaʻomia ona faʻaigoaina aʻo leʻi mafai ona suʻesuʻeina suʻesuʻega biomarkers ina ia faʻaleleia ai le puleaina ma le tausiga o tagata ma le faʻavauvau. Ona o le faigata tele o faiga o meaola, o suʻesuʻega tutusa o se fuataga lautele o faailoga i totonu o le tele o samples e tele le aoga i le mauaina o fegalegaleaiga i le va o mataupu o meaola ma le mafaufau i tagata taitoatasi. O le faʻamautuina o le fuaina o mea e lua o le neurobiology ma togafitiga o le faʻafitauli o le mafaufau atonu o le a faafaigofie ai le malamalama atili. O lenei iloiloga ua faamamafaina ai le taua o le iloiloina o mea taua e ono suia (e pei o gasegase, tausaga, cognition ma fualaau) i le aoina mai o se malamalamaaga malamalama o le natura o le atuatuvale ma auala o togafitiga togafitiga. E foliga mai o nisi o faailoga o le a sili atu le tele o folafolaga mo le vaʻaia o tali togafitiga poʻo le teteʻe atu i togafitiga faʻapitoa i se vaega o tagata gasegase, ma o le tutusa tutusa o faʻamatalaga faʻakomepiuta ma mafaufauga e mafai ona faʻaleleia ai le gafatia e faʻamautinoa ai i latou o loʻo aʻafia mo taunuʻuga tau le lelei. O le faʻavaeina o le panel panel e iai aʻafiaga mo le faʻamalosia o le faʻamautinoaina o le saʻo ma le faʻamalositino, faʻapea foʻi ma le individualizing togafitiga i le vave lava o le tulaga o le maʻi faʻavaivai ma le atinaʻeina o togafitiga o togafitiga faʻaleleia lelei. O nei aʻafiaga e mafai ona faʻatapulaaina i vaega laiti o tagata mamaʻi. O ala agai agai i nei mea e mafai ona fesoasoani i auala suʻesuʻe lata mai e faʻafesoʻotaʻi ai faʻamaʻi faʻamaʻi vavalalata i lalo o le neurobiological substrates.6 E ese mai i le faʻaitiitia o le uterogeneity, e ono faafaigofieina ai se suiga i le tulaga tutusa o le soifua maloloina i le tino ma le mafaufau. E manino lava e ui lava e manaʻomia le tele o galuega, o le faʻavaeina o le sootaga i le va o tagata olaolaola lelei ma le faʻafitauli o le atuatuvale e i ai le tele o aʻafiaga mo le faʻaitiitia o le avega o le atuatuvale i se tasi ma le sosaiete.

 

tautinoga

 

O lenei lipoti ua fai ma sui tutoʻatasi suʻesuʻega faʻatupeina e le National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Center i South London ma Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust ma King's College London. O manatu faaalia o tusitala ia ae le o manatu o le NHS, le NIHR poʻo le Matagaluega o le Soifua Maloloina.

 

Faamatalaga Faʻamatalaga

 

Faailoa atu. AHY i le 3 tausaga mulimuli na maua le mamalu mo le lauga mai Astra Zeneca (AZ), Lundbeck, Eli Lilly, Sunovion; mamalu mo le faufautua mai Allergan, Livanova ma Lundbeck, Sunovion, Janssen; ma fesoasoani fesoasoani mo suʻesuʻega mai le Janssen ma le UK UKPP (NIHR, MRC, Wellcome Trust). O le AJC i le 3 mulimuli tausaga na maua ai le mamalu mo le tautala mai Astra Zeneca (AZ), faʻamaonia mo le faufautua mai Allergan, Livanova ma Lundbeck, ma le fesoasoani fesoasoani suʻesuʻe mai le Lundbeck ma le UK UK Agency (NIHR, MRC, Wellcome Trust).

 

E leai se isi feteʻenaʻiga e fiafia ai le tusitala i lenei galuega.

 

I le faaiuga,Ile tele o suʻesuʻega suʻesuʻega na maua ai le selau ma selau o biomarkers mo le lotomafatia, e le tele na faʻamautuina la latou matafaioi i faʻanoanoaga maʻi pe faʻapefea ona faʻaaogaina ia faʻamatalaga biologic e faʻalauteleina ai le faʻamaoniga, togafitiga ma vavalo. Peitai, o le tusitusiga i luga iloiloina le avanoa tusitusiga i luga o le biomarkers aofia ai i le taimi o isi gaioiga ma faʻatusatusa le falemaʻi mauaina i lena o le faʻanoanoaga. E le gata i lea, o ni sailiiliga fou i luga o le biomarkers mo le faʻanoanoa e ono fesoasoani sili atu ile faʻailoaina o le faʻanoanoaga ina ia mafai ai ona tulitataoina ma sili atu togafitiga. Faʻamatalaga na taʻua mai le National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) .``O le lautele o a matou faʻamatalaga e faʻatapulaʻaina i le fomaʻi faʻapea foi ma manuaga tuga ma tulaga. Ina ia talanoaina le mataupu, faʻamolemole lagona le saoloto e fesili ia Dr. Jimenez pe faʻafesoʻotaʻi mai matou i le915-850-0900 .

 

Faʻailoina e Dr. Alex Jimenez

 

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Aʻoaʻoga Faʻaopoopo: Paʻu Paʻa

Paʻu tua o se tasi lea o mafuaʻaga sili ona taatele mo le le atoatoa ma ua misia aso ile galuega i le lalolagi atoa. I le avea ai o se mea moni, o le toe foi o le tiga ua mafua ona o le mafuaaga lona lua sili ona taatele mo asiasiga a ofisa o fomaʻi, e sili atu nai lo na o siama maualuga-respiratory infection. Pe a ma le 80 pasene o le faitau aofaʻi o le a oʻo i se ituaiga o tiga i tua e le itiiti ifo ma le tasi i le taimi atoa o lo latou olaga. O le tuilaʻau o se faʻalavelave faʻapitoa lea e faia i ponaivi, sooga, liga ma maso, faatasi ai ma isi masini mumu. Ona o lenei mea, manuaga ma / poʻo tulaga faʻapitoa, pei o siaki faʻasolosolo, e mafai ona oʻo atu ai i faʻamaoniga o le tigā mulimuli. O manuʻa o le taʻavale poʻo faʻalavelave faʻafuaseʻi faʻafuaseʻi faʻafuaseʻi o manuʻa e tele lava ina mafua ona o tiga i tua, ae ui i lea, o nisi taimi o le faigofie o gaioiga e mafai ona i ai ni taunuuga tiga. O le mea e lelei ai, o isi togafitiga togafitiga, e pei o le togafitiga o le chiropractic, e mafai ona fesoasoani e faʻafilemu ai le tiga e ala i le faʻaaogaina o fetuunaiga o le ogatotonu ma le faʻaaogaina o le tusi lesona, faʻamalosia ai le faʻamalosi o le tiga.

 

 

 

blog blog ataata pepa lapopoa

 

 

FAATINO TUSI FAʻAMATALAGA: Faʻafoega o le Paʻu i Lalo

 

NISI ATILI: ATILI FAʻAMATALAGA: `` Paʻu Faʻamaʻi & Togafitiga

 

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